















































% 




















Along the Yoshino River, Japan. 




IN FOUR CONTINENTS 


A Sketch of the Foreign Missions 

OF THE 

Presbyterian Church, U.S. 


BT 

REV. HENRY F. WILLIAMS 

h 

EDITOR ‘THE MISSIONARY’’ 



Richmo VD, Va. 

Presbyterian Committee of Publication 
1910 




COPYBIGHT 

BY 

R. E. MAGILL 

SECRETARY OF PUBLICATION 

1910 



C Cl.A280630 


TO THE FRIEND 
WHOSE GENEROUS INTEREST 
MADE POSSIBLE THE TOUR TO 
FOREIGN MISSION LANDS, 

THIS VOLUME IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED. 



CONTENTS 


PAGE 


Introduction . 9 

Chapter I—The Beginning . 13 

Chapter II—The Mid-China Mission. 21 

Chapter III—North Kiangsu Mission . 53 

Chapter IV—Japan . 85 

Chapter V—Korea .115 

Chapter VI—Africa .145 

Chapter VII—Mexico .167 

Chapter VIII—Brazil .189 

Chapter IX—Cuba .211 

Chapter X—Discontinued Missions .221 


MAPS. 


China. Facing page 21 

Japan. “ ** 85 

Korea. “ “ 115 

Africa . “ “ 145 

Mexico. “ “ 167 

Brazil. “ “ 189 

Cuba. “ “ 211 


6 





















ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Along the Yoshino River.Frontispiece ^ 

On the Grand Canal, China.opp. page 21 

Christian Women, North Kiangsu.opp. page 53^ 

On a Preaching Tour..opp. page 53 f 

Girls’ School, Kochi, Japan.opp. page 85*^ 

Korean Elder, Wife and Child.opp. page 115 / 

Chunju in Winter.opp. page 133 * 

Workmen at Luebo, Congo.opp. page 145 ^ 

Sunday Service, Ibanj, Congo.opp. page 157*^ 

Mexican Boys .opp. page 167 ✓ 

Lavras School Building, Brazil .opp. page 189^ 

Presbyterian Church, Para, N. Brazil.. .opp. page 199 v<> 
Presbyterian Church, Cardenas, Cuba... opp. page 211 


7 














MISSIONARY FERVOR. 


A few years ago, while in London, I crossed 
the River Thames twice each day. In the morn¬ 
ing I noticed that the river was running very 
low. Large craft, heavily laden, were stranded 
high and dry. Smaller vessels were stuck fast 
in the mud, while in the narrow, shallow stream 
a few more zealous boats were almost fighting 
for the right of way. But when I passed over 
the same bridge in the afternoon the whole 
scene was changed. Boats of every size and 
description, carrying their valuable freight, 
gliding along side by side, were being carried 
to their destination, and there was no conflict, 
no confusion. You know the explanation. The 
tide had come in. And what we need now is 
such a tidal wave of spiritual power and mis¬ 
sionary fervor as will cover up the rocks which 
raise an angry surf when the water is low; as 
will cause dividing shoals to disappear; as will 
lift up churches of whatever name from their 
low estate; sever them from their moorings of 
selfishness and worldly ease, and carry them 
out like one great fleet under the same banner 
and the same commander, all sailing on to 
extend his dominion from sea to sea, and from 
the river unto the ends of the earth.— Rev. J. 
Ross Stevenson. 


8 



INTRODUCTION. 


For a number of years there has been an 
increasing call from missionary societies, pas¬ 
tors and church workers for a sketch of the 
foreign mission work of our branch of the 
Presbyterian Church. An attempt is made in 
the following pages to at least partially supply 
this demand. The process of gathering ma¬ 
terial for the sketches has been necessarily 
slow. The design of the book is not to supply a 
mass of detailed information, but to give a gen¬ 
eral outline of the foreign mission activities of 
the church. 

Information has been gathered from the files 
of The Missionary, leaflets, letters from mis¬ 
sionaries, annual report, etc. Rev. J. L. Stuart, 
Sr., Rev. H. C. DuBose, Rev. M. H. Houston, 
Rev. A. T. Graybill, Miss Charlotte Eemper, 
Rev. W. M. Morrison, Rev. S. R. Gammon, Rev. 
R. B. Grinnan, Rev. R. E. Alpine, Rev. Henry 
Woods, Rev. P. F. Price and others have sup¬ 
plied information, of which free use has been 
made. 

Mention of all the sources of information 
has not been attempted, and it is the desire of 
the author that all friends who have sent re¬ 
ports will accept this prefatory statement as 


9 


10 


In Four Continents. 


an acknowledgment of the service they have 
rendered. The preparation of the book would 
have been impossible without these reports, 
some of them written many years ago. 

Special acknowledgment is made of the use 
and value of sketches of our foreign mission 
fields written by the late Kev. David C. Bankin, 
for many years editor of The Missionary . 

The foreign mission agencies of our histor¬ 
ically missionary church have touched, in all, 
eleven countries—the United States, Colombia, 
Brazil, Italy, Greece, Mexico, Cuba, China, 
Japan, Korea, and the Congo Free State, in 
four continents of the world—North America, 
South America, Asia and Africa. Omitting 
the missions that have been discontinued there 
are ten missions—Mid-China, North Kiangsu, 
Japan, Korea, East Brazil, West Brazil, North 
Brazil, Congo, Mexico, and Cuba, in seven 
heathen nations, where we are undertaking to 
do our share of “the evangelization of the 
world in this generation.” This world rela¬ 
tionship justifies the title of this book—“In 
Four Continents.” 

The great need of the home church is a 
fuller knowledge of what has been accom¬ 
plished in the past, the work that is now be¬ 
ing done, and projected work of the future 
in all our mission fields. Knowledge of this 
kind will prove an inspiration which will find 
expression in the consecration of the lives of 


Introduction. 


11 


men and women to the field, in enlarged gifts 
of those at home who “hold the ropes,” and in 
more fervent prayer for blessing upon the 
preaching of the gospel in the “uttermost part 
of the earth.” If this modest book shall, in 
any degree, contribute to these results the 
object of its preparation will be fully realized. 





I. 


EARLY MISSIONARY SPIRIT—THE 
INDIAN MISSION. 

The missionary spirit of that section of the 
Presbyterian Church located in the South ex¬ 
pressed itself in the pioneer work of noble 
men who, under great privation and at the risk 
of life, penetrated the sparsely settled coun¬ 
try, crossing the mountains separating the 
eastern coast from the middle west, and ex¬ 
tended their labors to the far Southwest, thus 
by evangelistic labor laying the foundation for 
the Presbyterian Church. The natural devel¬ 
opment of this missionary spirit would be its 
extension in carrying out the Lord’s command 
to preach the gospel in “the uttermost part of 
the earth.” That this was the spirit of the 
church in the South is seen in the fact that 
during a period of about forty years prior to 
the separate existence of the Presbyterian 
Church, U. S. (Southern), the names of about 
fifty missionary men and women appear in “A 
Manual of the Foreign Missions of the Presbyte¬ 
rian Church in the United States of America,” 


13 


14 


In Four Continents. 


published in 1868. The records show that 
these missionaries had gone from Alabama, 
North and South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, 
Kentucky and Virginia to the Indian Terri¬ 
tory, Africa, China, Greece, India, Japan, Per¬ 
sia, Siam, South America and Turkey. In the 
“Memoirs of Missionaries/’ published in the 
above volume, it appears that among these mis¬ 
sionaries were some who had, by their fidelity 
and ability, gained high place in the roll of 
missionaries of all denominations. Prominent 
among these names of missionaries is that of 
Kev. J. Leighton Wilson, D.D., who, by his 
long missionary experience in Africa, and as 
Secretary of Foreign Missions of the Presby¬ 
terian Board in New York City, was eminently 
qualified to become the distinguished leader in 
the foreign mission work of the Presbyterian 
Church, U. S., in the early days of its mission¬ 
ary history. At the organization of the Gen¬ 
eral Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, 
TJ. S., in Augusta, Ga., December, 1861, the 
following solemn declaration was adopted: 

“The General Assembly desires distinctly 
and deliberately to inscribe on our church’s 
banner, as she now first unfurls it to the 
world, in immediate connection with the Head¬ 
ship of her Lord, his last command, ‘Go ye 
into all the world, and preach the gospel to 
every creature,’ regarding this as the great 
end of her organization and obedience to it as 


Early Missionary Spirit. 15 

the indispensable condition of her Lord’s prom¬ 
ised presence; and as that one great compre¬ 
hensive object, a proper conception of whose 
vast magnitude and grandeur is the only thing 
which, in connection with the love of Christ, 
can ever sufficiently arouse her energies and 
develop her resources, so as to cause her to 
carry on with that vigor and efficiency which 
true fealty to her Lord demands, these other 
agencies necessary to her internal growth and 
home prosperity.” 

To fully appreciate the mighty missionary 
motive that moved the members of this first 
General Assembly, the exciting conditions that 
prevailed at the opening of the Civil War must 
be remembered. “Within sight and sound of 
the old First Church of Augusta, in which the 
Assembly sat when this inspiring deliverance 
was made, trains were hurrying past crowded 
with the flower of Southern youth, rushing to 
the battle fields of Northern Virginia. And 
yet, amid excitement unparalleled, enough to 
have absorbed all other thought, enough to 
have shut out all other vision, these noble men 
of God who gave our church its charter, sol¬ 
emnly called it to consider its high destiny as 
a missionary church, and bade it look beyond 
its own scenes of strife to the heathen nations 
sitting in the region and shadow of death. 
The spectacle is perhaps without parallel in 
the history of the church in all the ages.”* 


* Rev. D. C. Rankin. 



16 


In Four Continents. 


The 

Beginning 


THE INDIAN MISSION. 

In “The Story of the American Board” the 
author, Dr. Wm. E. Strong, calls attention to 
the fact that upon the colonial seal of Massa¬ 
chusetts, under the motto, “Come over and 
help us,” was the figure of an Indian looking 
toward a star, the reminder of Bethlehem’s 
gift to the world. The American Board of 
Foreign Missions, in its first declaration to 
the Christian public, announced its purpose 
to establish two missions: one in the East, in 
Burmah, and one in the West, among the Iro¬ 
quois tribe of Indians. Eight years prior to 
this time, in 1804, Rev. Gideon Blackburn, the 
pioneer Presbyterian missionary in Tennessee, 
had labored among the Cherokees at Chicka- 
mauga. In 1817 Rev. Cyrus Kingsbury, a mis¬ 
sionary of the American Board, arrived at 
Chickamauga, and the first station, Brainerd, 
so named in memory of the early efforts among 
the Indians, was opened. In 1841 Rev. Robt. 
M. Loughridge, the first missionary appointed 
by the Presbyterian Board, began work among 
the Creeks. Mr. Loughridge was of Southern 
birth and in his boyhood knew the Creek In¬ 
dians before their removal from Alabama. 
The Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
began work among the Choctaws and Semi- 
noles in 1846, and in 1849 extended the work 
to the Chickasaws. The difference of views on 


Early Missionary Spirit. 


17 


the slavery question finally culminated in the 
American Board of Foreign Missions discon¬ 
tinuing its work among the Five Nations. The 
Choctaw Mission was closed in 1859 and the 
Cherokee Mission in 1860. In the latter year 
these missions came under the control of the 
Presbyterian Board and thus brought the In¬ 
dian Mission geographically within the bounds 
of what was to become the territory of the The 
General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, Five Nations 
U. S. (Southern). Prior to the discontinu¬ 
ance of the missions of the American Board 
and the transfer to the Presbyterian Board the 
Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws and 
Seminoles—or the Five Nations—had been re¬ 
moved from Georgia, Florida, Alabama and 
Mississippi to the Indian Territory. 

In the resolutions of the first General As¬ 
sembly declaring that the newly organized 
church should be a missionary church mention 
was made of the work among the Indians as 
being a field that gave opportunity for im¬ 
mediate missionary service. Eeferring to the 
7,000 aboriginal Indians in Indian Territory 
the General Assembly affirmed that “in this 
striking fact the Assembly recognizes most 
gratefully the clear foreshadowing of the Di¬ 
vine purpose to make our beloved church an 
eminently missionary church.” The fifteen sta¬ 
tions, with twelve ordained ministers, ten na¬ 
tive preachers and sixteen hundred communi- 
2 


18 


In Four Continents. 


Transferred. 


cants in Indian Territory having made known 
their desire to become a part of the Presbyte¬ 
rian Church, U. S., the Assembly, in accord¬ 
ance with the spirit of the above deliverance, 
took under its care the above work among the 
Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws and Chickasaws. 
Thus, at the very first meeting of the General 
Assembly, the church began to carry out the 
missionary spirit of which declaration had 
been made by solemn deliverances. The work 
among the Indians was for five or six years 
the only mission of the church. The Indian 
Mission was under the care of the Executive 
Committee of Foreign Missions for twenty- 
eight years. In 1889 it was transferred to the 
Executive Committee of Home Missions. 















































































































































20 


In Four Continents. 


ANCIENT CHINA. 

When Moses led the Israelites through the wilder¬ 
ness, Chinese laws and literature and Chinese re¬ 
ligious knowledge excelled that of Egypt. A hundred 
years before the north wind rippled over the harp of 
David, Wung Wang, an emperor of China, composed 
classics which are committed to memory at this day 
by every advanced scholar of the empire. While 
Homer was composing and singing the Iliad, China’s 
blind minstrels were celebrating her ancient heroes, 
whose tombs had already been with them through 
nearly thirteen centuries. Her literature was fully 
developed before England was invaded by the Norman 
conquerors. The Chinese invented firearms as early 
as the reign of England’s first Edward, and the art 
of printing five hundred years before Caxton was 
born. They made paper A. D. 150, and gunpowder 
about the commencement of the Christian era. A thou¬ 
sand years ago the forefathers of the present Chinese 
sold silks to the Romans, and dressed in these fabrics 
when the inhabitants of the British Isles wore coats 
of blue paint and fished in willow canoes. Her great 
wall was built two hundred and twenty years before 
Christ was born in Bethlehem. 

—Rev, J, T, Gracey, D.D. 



































































































































































































































































































. 







On the Grand Canal—China. 


















II. 


THE MID-CHINA MISSION. 

At the first meeting held after the close 
of the Civil War the General Assembly again 
declared that the carrying out of the great 
missionary command was regarded “as the 
great end of her organization, and obedience 
to it as the indispensable condition of her 
Lord’s promised presence; and as that one 
great comprehensive object, a proper concep¬ 
tion of whose vast magnitude and grandeur 
is the only thing which in connection with the 
love of Christ, can ever sufficiently arouse her 
energies and develop her resources, so as to 
cause her to carry on with that vigor and 
efficiency, which true fealty to her Lord de¬ 
mands, those other agencies necessary to her 
internal growth and home prosperity.” At 
the time this declaration was made the Execu¬ 
tive Committee of Foreign Missions was con¬ 
sidering the opening of a mission in China. 

The pioneer of our distinctly foreign mis¬ 
sionary work was the Kev. E. B. Inslee. Prior 
to the Civil War, Mr. Inslee, a member of the 
Mississippi Presbytery, had for ten years been 


Missionary 

Declaration 

Renewed 


Rev. E. B. 
Inslee 


21 


22 


In Four Continents. 


an efficient missionary at Ningpo, China. Dur 
ing the time of the war he supported himself 
on the field. At the close of the war he re¬ 
turned home and in 1866 earnestly solicited 
our Southern Presbyterian Church to send him 
to China to lay the foundation of a new mis¬ 
sion. The request was not unheeded and Mr. 
Inslee and his family were sent to China in 
June, 1867. 

Thus began our first foreign missionary work 
outside of America. Mr. Inslee’s decision to lo¬ 
cate at Hangchow was a wise one. No better 
point of entrance could have been selected. 
Until his arrival, no missionary had ever regu 
larly preached within the walls of the city. 
The following is quoted from an account of the 
beginning of our foreign work: “At the south¬ 
ern terminus of the Grand Canal of China 
there lies a city beautiful for situation. It 
is the capital of the populous province of 
Chekiang and bears a name well known to 
many of the churches in our land—Hangchow. 
On one side of it flows the broad and bright 
Chien-tang Riv-er, famous for the tidal wave, 
the “bore” which, with foaming crest and roar¬ 
ing sound, rushes up from the Hangchow Bay. 
On the other side is the picturesque West Lake, 
its islets crowned with tea houses and pavil¬ 
ions, and its clear waters reflecting like 
a mirror, the rocky hills and gentle eminence 
on which stands the Needle Pagoda and the 


The Mid-China Mission. 


23 


tower of tlie Thunder Peak. The city has a 
wall of wide circuit, faced with hewn stones, Hangchow 
and broad enough for three carriages travel¬ 
ing abreast. The streets are narrow and not 
very clean. The houses are generally of two 
stories, with walls stuccoed white, and roofed 
with tiles. Besides the provincial buildings, 
the city contained the great examination hall, 
in which, at the triennial examinations, over 
ten thousand students competed for the second 
literary degree.” Before the Taiping War, the 
population of Hangchow was estimated at one 
million. It was taken by the Taiping rebels 
with great carnage, and has since been grad¬ 
ually making up its loss. It has now, inside 
and outside of the city walls, a population of 
perhaps eight hundred thousand. In this city 
was planted the first foreign mission station 
of the Presbyterian Church. 

Following the going out of Mr. and Mrs. 

Inslee, a second band of missionaries includ¬ 
ing Bev. J. L. Stuart, Eev. M. H. Houston, 
and Eev. Ben Helm were sent to the field 
in March, 18G8. Eev. George W. Painter, well- 
known in both the home and foreign field, „ 

,, , . . . ,, Extent of 

was among the early missionaries sent to Missions 
China. From this comparatively obscure be¬ 
ginning forty-three years ago, the chain of sta¬ 
tions has lengthened out until they include 
a field about five hundred miles in length, and 
fifty to seventy-five miles in width, on or near 


24 


In Four Continents. 


Mid-China 

Stations 


the Grand Canal, extending from Hangchow 
in the south to Hsuchoufu in the north. As 
the work enlarged it became necessary to di¬ 
vide the field, and at the annual meeting of 
the Mission in 1899 a division was made into 
the Mid-China Mission, including all the sta¬ 
tions south of the Yangtze Kiang, except Chin- 
kiang, and North Kiangsu, including all the 
stations north of the river. 

The Mid-China Mission is located in parts 
of two provinces, Chekiang and North Kiangsu. 
The Province of Chekiang, the smallest of the 
eighteen provinces of China proper, has great 
historic and antiquarian interest. In this 
province some of the principal events of Chi¬ 
nese history have occurred. It is extremely 
difficult to obtain a correct estimate of the 
population, but in the field in which our mis¬ 
sion stations are located there are many mil¬ 
lions to be evangelized. Our central stations 
in Chekiang Province, Hangchow, Kashing and 
Tungiang are well located as centers of mis¬ 
sionary work, both in the cities and surround¬ 
ing field. 

The other principal cities occupied by our 
Mid-China Mission are Soochow, Kiangyin and 
Nanking, located in the part of Kiangsu Prov¬ 
ince south of the Yangtze River. In these cities 
and surrounding fields there is an enormous 
population. The land is chiefly level and ex¬ 
ceedingly fertile. It has been said of Kiangsu 


The Mid-China Mission. 


25 


Province that no country in the world is so 
well watered, and it would be difficult to find 
anywhere a territory as rich and fertile and as 
densely populated. The stations of our Mid- 
China Mission, also those of the North Kiangsu 
Mission, are situated on and near the Grand 
Canal, which, with its almost innumerable small 
branch canals, form a network of canals cover¬ 
ing the entire territory. These waterways have 
been utilized by missionaries from the earliest 
days in the evangelization of China, and along 
them the gospel message has spread to cities, 
towns, villages and country districts. 

The stations of our Mid-China Mission are 
eight in number, viz: Hangchow, South Soo- 
chow, North Soochow, Kiangyin, Kashing, 
Tunghiang, Shanghai and Nanking. 

HANGCHOW. 

A full account of the work at Hangchow 
would include much of the early history of 
the foreign mission work of our church. The 
men who have been identified with the work 
at and around this station are among the vet¬ 
eran missionaries, and rendered heroic service. 
The physical hardships of the outward journey 
and the trials of the work on the field, far 
exceeded those of the present tiipe. In the 
beginning days the trip to Hangchow was 
made by slow canal boats, under sail or towed 
by men. In later years these were superseded 


Stations 


26 


In Four Continents. 


by the boats towed by steam launches, short¬ 
ening the journey from Shanghai, that some¬ 
times occupied weeks, to a little over twenty- 
four hours. During the past year (1909) the 
railroad from Shanghai to Hangchow was 
opened. 

The reports of the Hangchow work, in the 
beginning days, give an insight into the trials 
and sorrows of our pioneer missionaries. 
Soon after the arrival of Mr. and Mrs. Ins- 
Early Trials lee, the health of Mr. Inslee began to decline. 

Eepeated changes of climate in China failed 
to bring relief, and he returned to the United 
States, with his family, in the fall of 1870, 
and in the following spring, 1871, he died in 
New Orleans. The health of Mrs. Converse 
entirely failed and Mr. and Mrs. Converse 
returned to this country only one month after 
Mr. Inslee. The care of both the boarding 
schools at Hangchow, as well as the public 
services at the station, came on Mr. Houston. 
It was evident that it would be unwise for 
the three men left in the field to continue 
to liodd the stations at Hangchow and Guchow. 
It was determined, therefore, to turn over the 
station at Guchow to the China Inland Mis¬ 
sion, and concentrate the three missionaries 
at Hangchow. The work done at Guchow was 
not lost. It was taken up immediately by 
the China Inland Mission and there is still 
a good work being carried on at the house 
where our own missionaries first preached. 


The Mid-China Mission. 


27 


These early reports also tell of brightening Brighter Days 
prospects. When the summer of 1872 opened, 
the mission was reinforced by the arrival of 
Rev. and Mrs. H. C. DuBose and Mrs. Annie 
E. Randolph. Mrs. Randolph at once took 
charge of the girls’ boarding school at Hang¬ 
chow. The prosperity which the school en¬ 
joyed under her devoted management is well- 
known throughout our church. After fifteen 
and a half years’ service, failing health com¬ 
pelled her to give up work in China, but the 
Japan Mission in Japan gained a devoted and 
experienced missionary, who continued her 
faithful service for the Master in that field. 

In the fall of 1892 she reluctantly retired from 
the foreign field and returned to the home¬ 
land. 

The Mission, strengthened and cheered by 
various accessions, determined to open a new 
station. The city selected for this purpose 
was Soochow, on the Grand Canal, about one SoocKow 
hundred and twenty miles to the northwest 
of Hangchow. Hangchow is the capital of the 
Chekiang Province. Soochow is the capital of 
the teeming Province of Kiangsu. The native 
proverb sums up their delights in the well- 
known couplet: 

“Above is the palace of heaven, 

Below are Soochow and Hangchow.” 

At the opening of our work at Hangchow 
the station was located near the Temple Hill. 


28 


In Four Continents. 


Location of 
Compound 


Hangchow 

Educational 

Work 


Objections were made, for superstitious rea¬ 
sons, to the location, and it was changed to 
the opposite side of the city. In the mission 
compound there are two homes for missionary 
families, one for the women missionaries, build¬ 
ings for the girls’ school, a church, and a par¬ 
sonage for the Chinese pastor. At the Peace 
Bridge there is a chapel at which successful 
evangelistic work has been carried on for a 
long time. At the Tso Chai Gyao, in a busy 
suburb in the direction of the foreign settle¬ 
ment, are a chapel and school where Miss E. B. 
French resides and carries on her self-denying 
medical and evangelistic work. 

Our main educational work at Hangchow 
has been the girls’ school, established in the 
early days of the mission. A boys’ school was 
also begun, but, unfortunately, for lack of 
funds and other reasons, it was discontinued. 
The Hangchow Girls’ School during its his¬ 
tory of nearly half a century has been the 
pride of the mission. It was established by 
Mr. Inslee a few months after his arrival in 
1867, long before the awakening for female 
education. It is not only well-known in our 
own church as our first school for girls on the 
foreign field, but is recognized as one of the 
few first important schools established for 
girls in the Chinese Empire. The girls going 
out from this school are found in almost every 
part of China. They are the wives of evangelists 


The Mid-China Mission. 


29 


and preachers, teachers in mission schools, 
Bible'women, and mothers in Christian homes. 
The marvel is that, during the past years, so 
much has. been accomplished with so little in 
the way of equipment. The buildings are not 
only inadequate, but old and unsanitary, and 
very poorly adapted to the work. Under the 
new arrangement the buildings will be first- 
class and an enlarged sphere of usefulness will 
be open to the school. 

A plan of cooperation has been arranged 
whereby there is to be a union college for Chi¬ 
nese boys, to be supported and conducted jointly 
by the Presbyterian Church, U. S., and the 
Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. The buildings 
in process of erection are beautifully located on 
a hill overlooking the Hangchow Kiver. This 
college provides for the higher education of the 
boys and men that come from the academies at 
the stations. The same general plan of cooper¬ 
ation has been applied to the girls* school. 
The educational policy by which the Presby¬ 
terian schools of Hangchow and the Mid-China 
Mission have been coordinated provides a regu¬ 
lar system from the primary schools to the col¬ 
lege. The plans for this system have been 
adopted by the mission and approved by the 
Executive Committee. The location of these 
institutions at Hangchow, the capital of Che¬ 
kiang, with their thoroughly equipped build¬ 
ings “will be the capstone of our Presbyterian 
educational system in this part of China.” 


30 


In Four Continents. 


In the district surrounding Hangchow our 
missionaries occupy an extensive country field, 

Country Field working in harmony with the representatives 
of other denominations. The women mission¬ 
aries connected with the station, using their 
house boats and accompanied by their Bible 
women, go to a large number of villages, hold¬ 
ing meetings for women and visiting in the 
homes. For many years Bev. and Mrs. J. L. 
Stuart have had charge of a very remarkable 
work in the Tehtsin district some thirty miles 
from Hangchow, which was started by a Chi¬ 
nese Christian, Elder Yu, many years ago and 
afterwards prosecuted by the now sainted Bev. 
Matthew Hale Houston. Groups of believers 
have been gathered at a number of points, and 
when Mr. and Mrs. Stuart go out in their house 
boat to spend several weeks in visitation and 
preaching the gospel, they are most cordially 
welcomed by the Chinese Christians and their 
friends. A most efficient Chinese evangelist is 
in regular charge of this field and the services 
on the Sabbath at the various centers are gen¬ 
erally conducted by unpaid lay workers. 

KASHING. 

and People Hashing is one of the eleven prefectures of 
Chekiang Province. The city walls were built 
about the year 897 A. D., upon a site of some 
repute from feudal times. Situated on the 


The Mid-China Mission. 


31 


Grand Canal nearly midway between Hang¬ 
chow and Soochow, it marks the highest reach 
of tidewater from Shanghai. Canals connect 
with the bay ports on the south, and with the 
mountains on the west. A strategic point in 
war, it is also an important commercial center 
in times of peace. A palace fortress, built by 
the Taiping rebels, is still in use as an official 
residence. Hashing is noted for its great 
scholars, superior fruits, excellent rice, salt- 
fish market, bricks, tiles and durable brass 
work. The city abounds with Confucian, Bud- Heathenism 
dhist and Taoist temples. The worship of an¬ 
cestors, devotion to idols and fear of demons 
is universal. Swarms of priests, monks and 
nuns prey upon the people. A careful estimate, 
based upon the last census with reference to 
immigration and the birth rate, fixes the popu¬ 
lation for the city and suburbs at 100,000, and 
for the department, including the city, 2,000,- 
000 . 

The entrance of the gospel into Hashing re- The Entrance 
quired a long siege. For over thirty years 
representatives of the different missions in 
China had endeavored to enter the city with 
out success. In 1892 the best that our mission¬ 
aries could do was to get a foothold in Sin- 
chang, a town ten miles distant. By that kind 
of patient and tactful effort, combined with 
continued prayer, known only to the pioneer 
missionary, entrance was finally gained to the 


32 


In Four Continents. 


Cheering 

Results 


Evangelistic 
Work 


city in 1895. The door by which the entrance 
was gained was the medical work. The first 
place to be occupied was a small room for a 
dispensary. Healing and preaching went on 
together until a group of believers was formed 
and soon property was secured for a chapel, 
hospital, school and missionary residences. 
During the passing years there has been a 
steady gain in the friendliness of the people. 
One of the missionaries when he first entered 
the north gate at Hashing and paused at a 
shop within the gate to offer a tract to a man 
at the door, was met with a look of unutter¬ 
able contempt. Notwithstanding the early per 
secution, the church has quietly and steadily 
grown. Within that same north gate there is 
a fine compound, on which have been erected 
dwellings for the missionaries, hospital build¬ 
ings, and a school building. The chapel, until 
recently, has been immediately connected with 
one of the hospital buildings. The services are 
crowded with interested audiences. The 
church is well located and is the center of a 
large evangelistic work in the city and sur¬ 
rounding country. A very active Young Men’s 
Christian Association is one of the evangelistic 
agencies of the school and church. A work 
that has promise of great blessing has been 
opened directly across the city from the main 
station. The policy of all our missions is to 
build up a strong center and from these cen- 


The Mid-China Mission. 33 

4 

ters reach out to points of vantage in the city 
and country. The completion of the railroad 
from Shanghai to Hangchow, passing through 
Hashing, adds immensely to the facilities for 
reaching the people in this district. 

A large and important section of the coun¬ 
try around Hashing is regularly visited by the 
missionary appointed for the work. The out- 
station work in this district, as at other sta¬ 
tions, has many encouraging features. One of 
the most pleasing sights in the Mid-China Mis¬ 
sion is to witness the gathering of a congrega¬ 
tion for Sabbath worship in a country district. 
Many families come in their canal boats. The 
day is spent in preaching the Word, talking 
with inquirers, holding conferences, etc. As 
the evening comes on, the people return to their 
homes, and the tired but happy missionary 
finds his place of rest in the village, or, more 
frequently, in his canal boat. From these 
country churches, as in our own country, come 
many of the very best Christians. 

The Hashing High School, originally called 
the Axson Memorial School, began, as nearly 
all mission schools begin, with the smaller boys 
and a very elementary course of study. Under 
the excellent administration of Rev. J. Mercer 
Blain, assisted by Mrs. Blain and others, the 
standard of the school has been steadily raised, 
until now its graduates are qualified to enter 
the missionary college. By the wise purchase 

3 


Country 

Work 


The High 
School 


34 


In Four Continents. 


Hospital 


% 

of land, a splendid location adjoining the sta¬ 
tion compound has been secured for the new 
buildings, which, when completed, will enlarge 
the capacity in the matter of rooms and in¬ 
crease the ability of the Kashing High School 
to give Christian education to boys, who will, 
in a few years, be the preachers and teachers 
in the communities from which they come. 

The hospitals at Kashing have been one of 
the most important and successful lines of mis¬ 
sionary activity from the very beginning of the 
work. Here, again, we find an inadequacy as 
to buildings and facilities, but notwithstand¬ 
ing these limitations, many thousands of pa¬ 
tients have been treated in the daily clinic, and 
many hundreds have received treatment for 
more serious ailments in the hospital. Dr. W. 

H. Venable, who for the past fifteen years has 
been in charge of the hospital, with the as¬ 
sistance of other missionaries, has gained for 
the medical work at Kashing a deserved wide 
reputation. A number of men have been 
trained for hospital work and others are quali¬ 
fied to practice medicine among the Chinese. 
During the absence of Dr. Venable on his re¬ 
cent furlough, a large part of the hospital ad¬ 
ministration was directed by a courteous, re¬ 
fined Chinese Christian doctor, who is a prod¬ 
uct of the hospital training. The evangelistic 
side of the medical work, as in all other of our 
station hospitals, is never subordinated to the 


The Mid-China Mission. 35 

physical welfare of the patients. While the 
people are waiting for their turn to be ad¬ 
mitted to the examination room, they are gath¬ 
ered in the chapel, and the gospel is faithfully 
preached to them by the native evangelists and 
the missionaries. Many who have gone to the 
hospital for the healing of the body only have 
gone away with spiritual healing to “tell their 
friends what great things the Lord hath done 
for them.” 


TUNGHIANG. 

The beginning of the work in the Tunghiang 
field (formerly Dongshang) was at the town 
of Sinchang, nine miles from Kashing. The 
difficulty in gaining an entrance into Kashing 
.was the occasion of the opening of Sinchang. Beginning 
Rev. P. F. Price, in giving an account of the Sinchan § 
early days of this work relates that at the first 
Christian service held in Sinchang there were 
four Chinese Christians and three mission¬ 
aries. The meeting was held with closed doors 
to avoid interruption. Those were days when 
the missionaries leaned hard on the promises, 
and, as Mr. Price remarks, “probably with a 
tighter grip than in the days of prosperity and 
quietness.” During the first winter of the 
work, the missionaries lived in Chinese quar¬ 
ters. 

From the beginning there has been a steady 
gain in the friendliness of the people at Sin 


36 


In Four Continents. 


chang with an entire change of spirit. There 
being no room for expansion, in 1905 the cen¬ 
tral station was moved to Dongshang, now 
named Tunghiang. This is an important town 
Tunghiang in the center of a heart-shaped field, about 
eighteen miles from Kashing, on a branch canal 
a few miles from the Grand Canal. The popu¬ 
lation is about 15,000—a quiet city, two miles 
from the main line of China’s great artery of 
travel. The large number of important towns 
in the vicinity of Tunghiang make it an im¬ 
portant missionary center. 

On the well-located land adjoining the city 
wall and accessible by canal there have been 
erected two good missionary homes, a hospital, 
dispensary room, school building, an excel¬ 
lent chapel, book room and necessary out-build- 
Tunghiang ings. At Tunghiang there is a medical work 
and a school for twenty boys. There are, ac¬ 
cording to the last report, eight outstations, in¬ 
cluding four large towns. There are four 
preachers, two Bible women, two theological 
students and about two hundred members of 
churches in the field. In all departments of the 
work—evangelistic, educational and medical— 
splendid progress is being made. From the lit¬ 
tle church at Sinchang there have gone out five 
preachers, two Bible women and a number of 
other workers. The field of which Tunghiang 
is the center, and for which our mission is re¬ 
sponsible, is forty miles in extent, from north 


The Mid-China Mission. 


37 


to south, and thickly populated. The esti¬ 
mated population is 250,000 souls, and “each 
of these souls is more precious than the whole 
world.” 


soochow. 

• 

Soochow is known as the beautiful city of 
China, in poetical terms, “Beautiful Soo.” 

The city founded during the life of Confucius, 

B. C. 500, is four miles in length, north to 
south, and nearly three in breadth. The walls 
around the city are about thirteen miles in The City 
length. It is intersected by about thirty miles Beautl * ul 
of canals faced with stone and spanned by nu¬ 
merous bridges. Of the seven pagodas in and 
around the city, the Great Pagoda is the high¬ 
est in China. The Tiger Hill Pagoda, the 
leaning tower of Soochow, is thirteen hundred 
years old. There are fourteen temples within 
the sacred precincts. The great trade of Soo¬ 
chow is silk, with a large trade in furniture, 
jade and articles in silver. Around the walls 
of Soochow “Chinese Gordon” led his army. 

Soochow, now an open port, situated in 
Kiangsu Province, seventy miles northwest of 
Shanghai, with which it is connected by canals 
and railway, is one of the greatest cities in 
China. It is celebrated for its buildings, ter¬ 
races, gardens, manufactures and extensive 
trade. The environs are covered with orchards, 
vegetable gardens, cultivated fields of cotton, 


38 


In Four Continents. 


rice, wheat, etc. The population of the city is 
about 500,000 and the surrounding country is 
densely populated. 

Work The work of the Presbyterian Church, U. S., 

Opened j n g 00 chow was begun in 1872. In 1874 a lot 

• was bought near to the Confucian temple. In 

the autumn, at the sacrifice to the sage, the 
literati decided if the foreigner built on the 
dragon’s head (the Confucian Temple) the 
chances for the young aspirants for academic 
honors would be reduced to a minimum. The 
middleman was arrested and kept in prison 
for four years. Just before this occurred there 
was a riot at the chapel; as Sunday came on a 
general holiday, the throngs were too great to 
permit holding religious service. A dozen years 
afterwards, land was bought, but work on the 
wall being forbidden, an American consul spent 
* six weeks in the city settling the case. 

Soochow In connection with the Soochow field, we 
Stations b ave ,£ wo s t a ti ong? 0 i(t er being South Soo¬ 

chow. Connected with the compound at this 
station, located in the heart of the city and 
accessible to an immense population, there are 
two missionary homes and a chapel. A pri¬ 
mary school is conducted in a Chinese house. 
The evangelistic work conducted from this sta¬ 
tion includes the services at the chapel, for 
many years in charge of our veteran and well- 
known missionary, Eev. H. C. DuBose. He was 
assisted by competent native workers. Many 


The Mid-China Mission. 


39 


thousands of Chinese have heard and a large 
number have received the gospel message. 
There is the usual Sunday school and Bible 
study work. The missionary women have done 
a very large amount of visitation in the city and 
country. Very early in the history of-the mis¬ 
sion an extensive small town and country work 
was established in which Dr. and Mrs. DuBose 
have faithfully labored. The South Soochow 
station, and our entire missionary body, have 
suffered a great loss in the death of Bev. H. C. 
DuBose, which occurred on March 22, 1910. 
Dr. DuBose, by his preaching of the gospel, his 
literary work, including a large number of re¬ 
ligious works in the Chinese language, and, in 
recent years, by his leadership in the anti¬ 
opium movement, made a profound impress 
upon the people of China. 

The North Soochow station is located out¬ 
side the city walls adjoining one of the large 
suburbs. In the early days of the work, Dr. 
J. K. Wilkinson conducted a dispensary at the 
home of Rev. J. W. Davis inside the city. In 
the year 1897 this dispensary was moved to its 
present location and the Elizabeth Blake Hos¬ 
pital was founded. The experiences leading 
up to the establishment of this hospital are an 
interesting part of the history of the work at 
Soochow. Prof, and Mrs. J. R. Blake, of South 
Carolina, considering where they might make 
an investment that would yield the largest re- 


Dr. DuBose 


Elizabeth 

Blake 

Hospital 


40 


In Four Continents. 


turns in spiritual dividends, were led to decide 
upon the establishment of a mission hospital in 
China. After considerable delay in obtaining 
a suitable site, property was obtained outside 
the north gate at Soochow in 1896. A dwelling 
house for the doctor’s use was erected in 1897. 
The buildings were finished in 1898, and the 
work of the hospital was begun in the fall of 
the same year, when the first patients were 
received in the new wards. All the hospital 
Buildings buildings are of brick. The original cost was 
about $11,000 gold. The grounds extend about 
300 feet along a main thoroughfare leading from 
the north gate to a large town. A canal passes 
the hospital and the entire water front lying 
between the hospital enclosure and the stream 
belongs to the hospital. It is estimated that 
within a radius of twenty miles, with the hos¬ 
pital for a center, there is a population of a 
million people. 

In connection with the work of the hospital, 
Dr. Wilkinson and his associates have con- 
Medical ducted a medical school, from which a number of 
School excellent young men have been graduated. In 
the woman’s department there has been a 
nurse’s training school, in which young Chinese 
women have had an excellent preparation for 
ministering to the sick in ways unknown to the 
Chinese before the introduction of medical mis¬ 
sions. A recent generous gift will provide for 
the erection of an additional good building to 


The Mid-China Mission. 41 

be used in connection with the hospital, which 
will provide for facilities for enlarged work and 
also for the medical school for the training of 
medical students. 

At the North Soochow station there are sev¬ 
eral missionary homes. The inadequate chapel 
has been recently replaced by a new and better 
located building. A very considerable work in 
the country, reaching out to the towns and vil¬ 
lages, is maintained. 

Adjoining the hospital grounds is the very in¬ 
adequate building in which the Sibley Home 
and School for Girls has been conducted for a 
number of years. Following upon the early 
work of Miss Anne Safford were the self-deny¬ 
ing labors of Miss Elizabeth Fleming, who, 
during fifteen years’ service, has never taken 
a furlough. 


KIANGYIN. 

The first attempt to organize a Protestant 
work at Kiangyin was made in the spring of 
1804 by Kev. George H. Hudson, who it was ex¬ 
pected would be permanently located at that 
station. He was to have the assistance of Kev. 
H. C. DuBose and Bev. John W. Paxton. A 
beginning was made by renting a native house 
on a small piece of land outside the east gate 
of the city. The gentry, assisted by the magis¬ 
trate, made every effort to stop the work. A 
proclamation was issued instructing the magis- 


Girls* School 


A First 
Attemot 


42 


In Four Continents. 


trate to protect the persons of foreigners, but no 
protection was to be given to natives who might 
enter their service. The opposition culminated 
in a riot gotten up by the gentry, which was 
attended by the secretary of the magistrate, 
who was present to see that no violence was 
done the missionaries, provided they would 
leave the place. Under these circumstances the 
missionaries were compelled to temporarily 
abandon the station. 

In the spring of 1895 a second effort was 
made to open a station at Kiangyin. Rev. R. A. 
Haden was in charge of the work and had the 
assistance of Dr. DuBose. When the two mis- 
Opposition sionaries presented themselves at the door of 
and Success ^ ie y amen 0 f magistrate they were com¬ 
pelled to wait for two hours and a half before 
they were granted an interview, and were 
finally contemptuously dismissed by the magis¬ 
trate. Through the intervention of the Ameri¬ 
can consul a place w r as finally rented, but there 
were on all hands evidences of opposition and 
constant danger of a riot. At a later date Mr. 
Haden was assigned to Kiangyin as missionary 
in charge. A native Christian day school 
teacher and a native ex-soldier, also a Christian, 
took possession of the rented property in the 
early part of May, 1895. In the fall of that 
year Rev. Lacy L. Little was assigned to Kiang¬ 
yin. Under most unfavorable conditions and 
constant danger of a riot some progress was 


The Mid-China Mission. 


43 


made until the spring of 1896, when, as the 
result of false charges circulated against the 
missionaries, together with an infamous plot by 
which the dead body of a child was found on 
the mission premises, there was a riot, from 
which the missionaries, barely escaping with 
their lives, took refuge in the Kiangyin fort. 
In a short time the plot was divulged, the mis¬ 
sionaries were exonerated, and the tide turned 
in favor of the work. The opposition of the 
people following the riot was finally broken 
down by the uniform kindness of the mission¬ 
aries, preaching the gospel, the practice of med¬ 
icine, and personal work. In 1897 the work 
that had been started at Wusih was moved to 
Kiangyin, making one strong station. It was 
more than two years after the first attempt to 
open the station before the first openly con¬ 
fessed inquirer was received. About this time 
the work was opened in the surrounding coun¬ 
try. At Kiangyin there is a strong, well-organ¬ 
ized church. Large congregations attend the 
Sunday services. In the chapel, connected with 
the hospital, there is daily preaching to a large 
number of men and women who come for treat¬ 
ment. All the regular services in the church 
are well attended, and there has been recently 
a great spiritual awakening among the members 
of the church and a spirit of inquiry among the 
people generally. In the city of Kiangyin there 
is a chapel near the north gate, where a most 


44 


In Four Continents. 


Country Work 


Hospital 


hopeful beginning has been made. An impor¬ 
tant feature of the evangelistic work at the 
Kiangyin station is the monthly meetings of 
three days each held for conference and Bible 
study with the evangelistic workers. 

Kiangyin is the center of a large country 
work in charge of Kev. Lacy I. Moffett, assisted 
by an associate Chinese preacher, who has ren¬ 
dered invaluable service. The Kiangyin field 
includes the organized church and chapel in the 
city and two organized churches and seven 
chapels in the country. The 1909 report for 
this field shows a total of four hundred and 
twelve members of churches, one hundred and 
sixty-four inquirers, seven elders, and six 
deacons. 

The women missionaries at this station are 
very active in city and country work. They 
travel in their small house boats, accompanied 
by their Chinese Bible women, visiting the vil¬ 
lages and country places, meeting women in 
groups and in their homes. 

The excellent hospital under the direction of 
Dr. Geo. C. Worth, with his Chinese assistants, 
has been one of the very successful agencies of 
the Kiangyin field. The hospital is admirably 
located. The number of patients treated in the 
clinic and taken care of in the hospital is only 
limited by the capacity of the buildings. Dr. 
Worth has developed a number of competent 
native medical helpers. There is great need of 
a woman’s hospital building. 


The Mid-China Mission. 


45 


A school for boys was opened in the early days 
of the station. This school has steadily grown 
from its beginning. The majority of the stu¬ 
dents come from Christian families, and many 
are church members. The school has been lim¬ 
ited in its possibilities by lack of an adequate 
building, and a missionary teacher to assist Mr. 
Little. A new building is being erected, and 
the needed teacher is under appointment. With 
the enlarged quarters and better equipment, the 
already efficient work will be largely increased. 

The girls’ and women’s training school is one 
of the very successful educational features of 
the Kiangyin station. This school is attended 
by as large number of girls and women as can 
be accommodated in the remodeled Chinese 
building. A number of the girls come from 
homes of the middle and higher classes of people 
in the city. Mrs. Little is' in charge of the 
school, and also the training school, in which 
women are prepared for Christian work by a 
regular course of study and training in actual 
service. 


CHANGCHOW. 

Changchow is a prefectural city on the 
Shanghai and Nanking Bailway, situated about 
half-way between Soochow and Chinkiang. 
This is the last large city along the Grand Canal 
to be occupied by our church. The establish¬ 
ment of our work at Changchow is the only 


Schools 


* 


46 


In Four Continents. 


link lacking in the chain of stations to bind to¬ 
gether the work of the Mid-China and North 
Kiangsu Missions. For many years the mission 
has desired to enter this city, and plans have 
repeatedly been made, but without permanent 
success. The temporary work that has been 
done has proven the importance of the field, and 
the possibility of getting a strong hold in the 
city. The opening of this field “would make one 
blue line of 500 miles from Hangchow clear to 
Hsuchoufu” on the border of Shangtung; but 
for lack of forces the mission has not ^et been 
able to do this work. 

UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY—NANKING. 

Previous to 1903 a growing interest was taken 
in the matter of the union of the native churches 
in connection with the Presbyterian Church, 
U. S., and the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A 
(Southern and Northern), with special interest 
in the establishment of a Union Theological 
• Seminary. In the summer of 1903, at an in- 
The formal meeting held on Mokanshan, there was an 

Established earnest discussion of the subject by representa¬ 
tives of both churches. At the annual mission 
meetings of this year both missions appointed 
committees to consider the question of a Union 
Theological Seminary. This joint committee 
met in Nanking on January 1, 1904. Nanking 
was selected as the place for the seminary to be 
established, and call was made for fl2,000— 


The Mid-China Mission. 


47 


$6,000 from each for the two churches repre¬ 
sented, to be used in buying land and erecting 
buildings. At the meetings of the missions of 
the Presbyterian Church, U. S., and the Pres¬ 
byterian Church, U. S. A., in 1904, the recom¬ 
mendations of the joint committee were ap¬ 
proved, and directors and professors elected. 
An excellent site near the Imperial Granary 
inside the west gate was secured. In 1905 the 
Board of Directors ordered that one of the pro¬ 
fessors’ houses, one dormitory, and a gate house 
be erected at once, and provided for the enclos¬ 
ure of the lot by a substantial brick wall. The 
buildings were finished in May of that year. 

While the plans for the establishment of the 
Seminary were being developed, the matter of 
the union of the two branches of the Presbyte¬ 
rian Church working in Central China was 
making steady progress. In May, 1906, the 
meetings of the Board of Directors and of the 
foreigners and natives for the purpose of estab¬ 
lishing a union Presbyterian Synod were held 
simultaneously in Nanking. After full dis¬ 
cussion the synod was formed, to be known as 
the Synod of Five Provinces—Chekiang, Ki- 
angsu, Anhwei, Hunan and Hupeh. At the 
meeting of the Board of Directors of the Sem¬ 
inary the members of the board and the pro¬ 
fessors solemnly took the pledge required in the 
constitution requiring conformity to the Con¬ 
fession of Faith, Catechism, and Form of Gov- 


Synod 
of Five 
Provinces 


48 


In Four Continents. 


ernment of the Presbyterian Church, and the 
Nanking Union Theological Seminary was duly 
opened. 

The work of the seminary has made very en¬ 
couraging progress. The students, from the 
very beginning, have taken a deep interest in 
the work. The growth of the seminary has been 
greatly hindered by lack of adequate buildings 
—a need that has been recently partially sup¬ 
plied by the erection of a main building and two 
professor’s homes. The added equipment will 
enable the seminary to do a much more satis¬ 
factory work with the students now in attend¬ 
ance and provide for an increased number of 
new students. The two churches jointly inter¬ 
ested in the seminary may well rejoice in an 
institution that gives Presbyterian training to 
the Chinese young men who will in years to 
come be trained preachers of the gospel to their 
own people. 

The following is the condensed annual report 
of the seminary for 1909: The Mid-China Mis¬ 
sion has the privilege of furnishing two of the 
three foreign professors in the Union Theolog¬ 
ical Seminary at Nanking. The seminary has 
enrolled during the year forty-three students, 
as follows: Seminary proper, ten; training 
class, thirty-two; irregular course, one. The 
student body represents four provinces, and is 
about equally divided between the missions of 
the American Presbyterian Church, North and 


The Mid-China Mission. 


49 


South. Four of the regular seminary students 
and thirteen of the training class graduated in 
May. 

Rev. John W. Davis, D.D., LL.D., occupies 
the chair of Theology; he is also treasurer of 
the mission and chairman of the Seminary 
Building Committee. Rev. J. Leighton Stuart 
occupies the chair of New Testament Literature 
and Church History. An important addition 
to the course of study this year has been a class 
in modern missions conducted by Mr. Stuart, 
who endeavored to bring before the students 
the leading facts of present-day evangelism. 
Rev. J. C. Garritt, of the Presbyterian Church, 
U. S. A. (North), is the third professor in the 
Seminary. 


SHANGHAI. 

We have no mission station at Shanghai, but 
it is an important city to our denomination on 
account of the conspicuous usefulness of Rev. 
S. Isett Woodbridge, as editor of the Chinese 
Christian Intelligencer. The influence of this 
weekly newspaper, printed in Chinese, already 
large, is extending in ever-widening circles. 
The importance of this publication is such that 
when our mission was called upon to release 
Mr. Woodbridge to take the editorship of the 
Intelligencer, it was granted, notwithstanding 
the loss it meant to our evangelistic force in 
the mission. The appreciation of this publica- 

4 


50 


In Four Continents. 


Field 


Statistics 


tion is seen in its increasing subscription list. 
Its pages are filled with timely, instructive and 
stimulating articles from one hundred and fifty 
Chinese correspondents all over the Empire. 

SUMMARY MID-CHINA MISSION. 

The following summary is quoted from a 
report made by Eev. P. F. Price, dated March, 
1910: 

The Mid-China Mission has nine stations 
which, reading from south to north, are Hang¬ 
chow, Tunghiang, Kashing, South Soochow* 
North Soochow, Kiangyin, Shanghai, and Nan¬ 
king. In general the field of the mission is 
bounded by the Chien Tang (or Hangchow) 
Eiver on the south and the Yangtze Kiver on 
the north. 

The mission has sixty-two missionaries for 
the manning of its stations, the carrying on 
of its important institutions, which includes 
seminary, college, four high schools, four dis¬ 
pensaries, one newspaper, varied literary work 
and an immense evangelistic field. 

There are fifty-four centers of work, includ¬ 
ing stations and substations. There are one 
hundred and forty Chinese assistants, paid and 
unpaid. Within the bounds of the mission are 
one thousand, three hundred and ninety-nine 
professing Chinese Christians, of whom one 
hundred and eighty-nine were added on exami¬ 
nation during the last statistical year (1909), 


The Mid-China Mission. 


51 


There are seventeen organized churches, 
thirty ruling elders, and twenty-nine deacons. 

There are four hundred and eighty students 
in mission schools. During the year there were 
one thousand and ninety-eight persons accom¬ 
modated and treated in mission hospitals, and 
twenty-six thousand one hundred and forty-six 
in mission dispensaries. 

The opportunities for effective work in every 
department are exceptional at this time, and 
the greatest and most urgent need of the mis¬ 
sion at present is for more workers to care 
for the work already established and to take 
advantage of the opportunities already press¬ 
ing upon the missionaries to center upon the 
new work that needs to be developed. 


Need 




















» 







- 




















































%• 








f 


I 




! 
















% 














«*• 




















III. 


NOKTH KIANGSU MISSION. 

In the progress of our China Mission north¬ 
ward, Chinkiang, on the Yangtze, one hundred 
and twenty miles north of Soochow, was opened 
in 1883; Tsing-Kiang-Pu, one hundred and 
thirty miles north of Chinkiang, in 1887; Su- s t ^" l ° s 8 °* 
chien, about sixty miles north of Tsing-Kiang- 
Pu, in 1893; Hwaianfu, near Tsing-Kiang-Pu, in 
1895; Hsuchoufu, northwest of Suchien in 1896; 
Haichow, northeast of Suchien, 1908; Taichow, 
about fifty miles northeast of Chinkiang, 1908. 

The growth of the mission, both in territory 
and numbers, made a division of the field nec¬ 
essary, and at the annual meeting in 1899 
our China Mission was separated into the Mid- 
China and North Kiangsu Missions. 

CHINKIANG. 

The city of Chinkiang is situated on the 
south side of the Yangtze near the point where 
the Grand Canal enters the river from the 
south. The distance from Shanghai, by river, 
is about two hundred and twenty-five miles. 
Chinkiang is a river port of great importance, 
both commercially and as a center of mission- 
53 


54 


In Four Continents. 


The Com¬ 
pound 


ary activities. There is an immense trade both 
local and with points north and south. The 
population of the city is, at least, 325,000 
and is rapidly increasing. The completion of 
the railroad extending from Shanghai to Nan¬ 
king has added largely to the importance of 
the city, already noted for its shipjjing trade. 
Chinkiang is indeed beautiful for situation. 
Extensive suburbs extend along the canal. 
Not less than five cities can be seen from the 
elevation outside the city, where two mission 
stations, the Presbyterian and Methodist, are 
located. 

The opening of the station of the Southern 
Presbyterian Mission at Chinkiang was de¬ 
cided upon in the fall of 1883. Eev. S. I. Wood- 
bridge, who had been located at Nanking, was 
transferred to Chinkiang and was the first 
of our missionaries at this station. A very 
beautifully located piece of land wms purchased 
outside of the city wall and nearly a mile from 
the West Gate' of the city. On this land the 
missionary homes and the boys’ school build¬ 
ing were erected. In 1883-84 the mission was 
reinforced by the arrival of Kev. and Mrs. H. 
M. Woods, and the outgoing, in 1884, of Mrs. 
Woodbridge. In 1892 Kev. and Mrs. Wood- 
bridge were removed to Shanghai where Mr. 
Woodbridge became the editor of the Chinese 
Christian Intelligencer. Kev. John W. Pax¬ 
ton went to the Chinkiang field from Soochow 
in 1894. 


North Kiangsu Mission. 


55 


After the purchase of ground for the mis¬ 
sionary homes, street chapels were opened, re¬ 
sulting in the permanent location of two 
preaching places. In the early days of the Opening 
station considerable work was done in the 
surrounding territory, and this continues as 
an important part of the evangelistic work in 
the Chinkiang field. The educational work 
began at an early day and continued with 
varied experiences. Early attention was given 
to the developing and training of native 
helpers. 

After the opening of the work at the cen¬ 
tral station substations were located at acces¬ 
sible points, one of them being at the place on 
the river where the Grand Canal enters, a dis¬ 
tance of about five miles from Chinkiang. At 
the important city of Tanvang, about thirty 
miles southeast of Chinkiang on the canal, the 
work was taken over from the Methodist Mis¬ 
sion, at their request, in the spring of 1900. 

In 1904 another of the substations was opened Substations 
at Taichow, north of the river about fifty miles 
from Chinkiang. At some of the stations 
opened native evangelists went into the field 
for a part of the time. At Tanyang and Tai¬ 
chow the services of the native preachers have 
been supplied with regularity. Dating from 
1900, there has been increased interest in the 
entire field. With the increased number of out- 
stations a larger number of people, from 


56 


In Four Continents. 


The Burton 

Memorial 

School 


sincere interest, curiosity, or hope of favor, 
became inquirers. The experience of the 
workers has not been without its disappoint¬ 
ments, but taken as a whole there has been 
a steady growth in all departments. The field 
in the city and around it is very large, and the 
missionary force has never been adequate to 
the opportunities that present themselves for 
the preaching of the gospel. 

On arrival at Chinkiang the visitor to our 
mission station will be taken a considerable 
walk up the hillside and to a beautiful loca¬ 
tion on which the buildings of the mission are 
situated. At the compound the principal work 
is that of the Academy (The Burton Memorial 
School), in charge of Kev. John W. Paxton. 
Very encouraging results have come from the 
educational work in this school. Young men 
are not only being prepared for teachers, but a 
number of them expect to enter the ministry. 
The instruction given is thorough. One of the 
marked features of this school is the excellent 
singing of church hymns. The growth of the 
school has already passed the ability to accom¬ 
modate comfortably all the students. In the 
erection of the building provision has been made 
for an addition and the hope is that at an early 
day the funds will be provided which the en¬ 
largement of the school demands. 

For a number of years a chapel has been 
kept open within the city walls some dis- 


North Kiangsu Mission. 


57 


tance from the mission station. The number 
of inquirers and believers and baptized mem¬ 
bers increased until there was sufficient ma¬ 
terial out of which to organize a Presbyterian 
Church. This long time hope of the mission¬ 
aries was realized in 1909. 

The oldest work at Chinkiang is located near 
the South Gate. There is at this point a South Gate 
church, in charge of Eev. A. Sydenstricker. In Chapel 
the vicinity of Chinkiang there is opportunity 
for a large country work and a number of 
towns of considerable importance that furnish 
hopeful fields for chapels and ultimately the 
organization of churches. Dr. Sydenstricker, 
in addition to the supervision of the work in 
the district adjoining Chinkiang, has taken 
part in translation work as a member of the 
general committee of China on that work. The 
call of this field is the same as in others for an 
increased number of missionaries to take the 
work, both in the city and surrounding ter¬ 
ritory. 

TSING-KIANG-PU. 

Tsing-Kiang-Pu, on the Grand Canal, about 
one hundred and thirty miles north of Chin¬ 
kiang, is called the Gate City, for through it The Gate 
pass the people in the north on their way to Clt y 
and returning from the southern plains. It 
is a city in which strangers gather out of every 
province in northern and central China, and 


58 


In Four Continents. 


The Station 
Work 


is preeminently well located for general evan¬ 
gelistic work. The location of Tsing-Kiang-Pu, 
with its large suburb, on the canal, and the 
muddy plains on the northwest is such that 
it does not present an inviting appearance to the 
stranger. It is, however, impressive in the 
great rush of people who throng its streets and 
crowd the canals with their boats. 

Our missionaries at Tsing-Kiang-Pu have a 
most difficult field, but notwithstanding the 
difficulties there have been gratifying results. 
The number of believers is not as large as at 
some other stations in the North Kiangsu Mis¬ 
sion, but when the intense opposition of the 
people at the time of the opening of the sta¬ 
tion, and the great number of the people in 
this influential city are considered, we may 
rejoice in the blessing that has been granted. 
Our present work at Tsing-Kiang-Pu is a chapel 
evangelistic work, Bible training and visita¬ 
tion by the missionaries, and a large country 
work radiating in different directions from 
the city. The difficulties and trials of the mis¬ 
sionaries in this general field have never been 
written, but the results of these years of self- 
sacrificing service are becoming evident. The 
mission compound is located in the city con¬ 
veniently near the canals. The buildings con¬ 
sist of several missionary homes, chapel, hos¬ 
pital building with a department for women 
and remodeled Chinese buildings for the or- 


North Kiangsu Mission. 


59 . 


phanage and the boys’ and girls’ schools. Here, 
as at so many other stations, we find a con¬ 
dition of inadequacy of equipment. While this 
is true the mission compound is like an oasis 
in a desert. The surging masses throng the 
narrow streets in the vicinity of the compound 
far into the night, indeed through nearly the 
whole of the night can be heard the noise of 
the throng in the near-by narrow streets. 

Outside is heathenism, unrest and spiritual A Contrast 
desolation. Within the compound is the spirit¬ 
ual peace of consecrated men and women with 
the blessings of heavenly grace which faithful 
missionaries during all the years since the 
establishment of the work have endeavored 
to convey to the heathen multitudes without. 


EDUCATIONAL. 

One of the orphanages supported by the 
Christian Herald Fund is located at Tsing-Ki- 
ang-Pu. There are about fifty boys in the or¬ 
phanage. The children are given instruction 
in the ordinary branches, and are also given 
industrial training. The day school for boys, 
separate from the orphanage, is growing, as Schools and 
also the school for girls. While these schools Orphanage 
are not as large as at some other points, they 
are of great importance, and are the begin¬ 
nings from which large things will grow, and 
ultimately become a center from which will 
go out educated Christian Chinese. 


60 


In Four Continents. 


The Hospital 


An Ancient 
City 


The hospital at this station does a very 
large work. The clinic is attended by many 
thousands every year and a large number are 
treated in the hospital wards. 

Dr. Jas. B. Woods has charge of the medical 
work at Tsing-Kiang-Pu. In the 1909 Annual 
Keport it is stated that the “hospital and dis¬ 
pensary have been open the entire year ex¬ 
cept for a short time during the hot season, 
and wTiile open was run about to the limit. 
Some 15,000 patients have been treated this 
year. The dispensary has given us almost a 
daily audience in the chapel, and the hospital 
a continuous opportunity to preach the gospel 
to the people in the wards.” 


SUCHIEN. 

About 1400 years ago Suchien was called 
Chung, The Delightful, or Chosen, Land. It lies 
in the same degree of latitude as the Land of 
Canaan. It is a land filled with the rich boun¬ 
ties of nature. The grape and pomegranate 
flourish as well as the pear, peach and plum. 
It lacks the hills from whose sides came the 
silver and iron of Canaan, and looks more like 
the land of Egypt, with its great harvests and 
its leeks and garlic. The greater part of the 
district was formed by the immense deposits 
from the waters of the muddy Yellow River. 
To this day the town people do. not say “go* 


North Kiangsu Mission. 


61 


ing out into the country,” but “going down 
into the lake or marsh,” though there has been 
no marsh there within the memory of living 
men. 

Suchien’s history runs back into the time of 
the kings of Judah. If its name, Delightful, 
was a prophecy it has been a long time in 
coming true. Its records for 1500 years are 
little more than notes of floods, famines, blood 
and groans. 

Of old it was built just on the banks of the 
Yellow River and it and all the country around 
was subject to overflow. For a period of 600 
years the whole river was scarcely ever a score 
of years in the same channel and the people 
learned full well what “China’s sorrow” meant. 

The missionaries had made several trips to First Visits 
Suchien in the eighties. It was not until the 
winter of 1892 that the members of the sta¬ 
tion at Tsing-Kiang-Pu decided to open Su¬ 
chien. Rev. A. Sydenstricker,Rev. B. C. Pat¬ 
terson and Rev. M. B. Grier were commissioned 
to go to Suchien and secure property. The peo¬ 
ple knew the Jesuits, and their unsavory repu¬ 
tation made them afraid to sell to the for¬ 
eigner. After a piece of property had been 
bought the city magistrate, the councillors and 
a mayor-general combined to repurchase the 
house and force the mission out. 

In God’s providence another magistrate came j^j ss j on 
to Suchien who knew foreigners. He protected Property 


62 


In Four Continents. 


Station 

Buildings 


Evangelistic 
Work and 
Results 


the missionaries in a rented inn. They lived 
in these quarters for four years before comfort¬ 
able houses could be secured. 

The mission compound at Suchien station 
consists of a chapel, three missionary homes, 
and, until recently, inferior buildings for the 
schools and a very inadequate and badly ar¬ 
ranged hospital building. A well located plot 
of ground outside the walls of the city has 
been purchased on which a new school build¬ 
ing for boys is being erected. Adjoining this 
property arrangements have been made for 
land on which the new hospital, for which 
the money was provided at the Birmingham 
Laymen’s Missionary Convention, is in process 
of construction. 

The evangelistic work at the Suchien sta¬ 
tion includes pastoral, chapel and col portage 
work and teaching in the homes. The work 
of seed-sowing during many years is now yield¬ 
ing a large harvest. Mr. Patterson writes: 
“The fruits of a Christian life are more and 
more apparent. A farmer gives his oxen and 
men-servants rest on the Sabbath day and he 
keeps up his services in the church in his ham¬ 
let. His only son is in the school and he sup¬ 
ports his son-in-law-to-be in the Christian school 
so as to try to give him a Christian educa¬ 
tion. His daughter had been betrothed to him 
in infancy and the father saw his son-in-law 
growing up out of sympathy with Christian- 


North Kiangsu Mission. 


63 


ity. The Christians, of their own accord, have 
changed their former custom of calling their 
children such names as ‘Deception/ ‘Killer/ 
‘Locked-up/ etc., and now one hears ‘Renewed/ 

‘Great Favor/ ‘Love/ and ‘Truth.’ One of the 
outstations is supported by the Eckington Sun¬ 
day School, Washington. The first Christian The First 
there was sixty-three years old when he was Chnstlan 
baptized and he began that year to study the 
characters, and now at sixty-seven can read 
the Old and New Testament with great facility. 

Earnest men and women at a score of points 
are bearing many things for Christ.” 

A very widely extended work is carried on 
in the Suchien field outside the city. The mis¬ 
sionaries at the station have visited the coun¬ 
try and extended their visits to points sev¬ 
eral days’ journey distant from the central sta¬ 
tion. From these fields, including in many 
cases towns of considerable size, there are 
recent evidences of great spiritual blessing. In 
this outstation work a real Christian spirit Outside 
is manifest and a desire to study the Bible Fleld 
is prominent. At one place there is a volun¬ 
tary “Search the Scriptures” club of twenty 
members, that meets every afternoon for a 
half an hour of Bible study. With the develop¬ 
ment of the work at the central station and 
the country work opening up on every side 
the missionaries are almost able to forget the 
difficulties and the comparatively little accom- 


64 


In Four Continents. 


Growth 


First 

Experiences 


plished among the million and a half souls, 
and are able to look forward with confidence 
to a bountiful harvest. 

The school work has grown from 15 scholars 
in 1895 to 120, the limit of the present accom¬ 
modations, in 1909. 

The medical work has grown from 4,000 pa¬ 
tients in 1904 to 20,000 in 1908. 

It is only within the last few years that the 
station has been able to use its own trained 
native helpers. An early schoolboy is a deacon 
in the church today. 

A one-time heathen teacher is today a trusted 
preacher. 

Christian schoolboys are beginning to apply 
for work as teachers and doctor’s assistants. 

Four of our brightest men are at the semi¬ 
nary and in two years will be prepared for 
licensure. 


HSUCHOUFU. 

In extending the work northward along or 
near the Grand Canal the city of Hsuchoufu 
was occupied in December, 1896. Previous to 
this time a few itinerating trips had been 
made by Eev. A. Sydenstricker and others. The 
longest stay in the city was made by Kev.. Mark 
B. Grier and Bev. H. W. White, who rented 
an entire inn inside the city and remained 
for three weeks. The distribution of a large 
quantity of medicine at this time won the friend- 


North Kiangsu Mission. 


65 


ship of many people and prepared the way 
for preliminary steps toward securing property. 

The opposition of the gentry, however, was 
aroused and the innkeeper was given to under¬ 
stand that he must put Mr. Grier and Mr. 

White out of his inn in a specified time, or Opposition 
it would be pulled down. The magistrate be¬ 
ing absent the missionaries went to the pre¬ 
fect and claimed treaty rights. They were 
coolly informed that, as the innkeeper was a 
Chinese subject, the pulling down of the inn 
was no concern of the missionaries, but that 
he would see to it, as an official, that they 
received no harm. It was evident that the 
matter had been prearranged with the Prefect 
and that the time for beginning a permanent 
work had not arrived. The missionaries ex¬ 
pressed the hope that they would see the face 
of the Prefect again the following year and 
withdrew. The facts were communicated to 
Mr. Denby, U. S. Minister at Peking, from 
whom, in due time, a reply was received that 
the missionaries could feel assured they would 
have no further trouble. The following winter 
Mr. Grier and Mr. White returned to Hsuchou- 
fu and called on the officials. They were in¬ 
formed that instructions had been received 
from Peking to give them protection and that 
they would be assisted in securing property. Land 
The result was that a large piece of land was Purchased 
secured in a few days and was formally turned 

5 


66 


In Four Continents. 


Successful 

Opening 


School for 
Boys 


over to the missionaries in three weeks. The 
first occupants of the station were the families 
of Key. Mark B. Grier and Bev. H. W. White. 
On the arrival of the missionaries in Hsuchou- 
fu there were only four baptized Christians in 
the city. There is now a fully organized and 
active church. In addition to the evangelists 
employed by the mission the native Christians 
have engaged in supporting an evangelist, pay¬ 
ing his entire expenses. A commodious church 
building was erected by the mission in 1905 
which will seat about three hundred and fifty 
people. At the time of a visit to this station 
in 1909 the audiences could not be accom¬ 
modated in the building and overflow meetings 
were held every Sabbath along the wall outside 
the church. 

The educational work at Hsuchoufu makes 
a splendid showing. What has been known 
as the Julia Farrior Sanford Memorial School 
is of the grade of a high school for boys. The 
number of students in attendance is as large 
as can possibly be accommodated, and there is 
great need of an additional building. Kev. 
Mark B. Grier has far some years been in 
charge of the school, having a number of 
Chinese assistants. About one-half of the 
boarders in the school are baptized Christians, 
and others are inquirers. 

A most interesting work that developed fol¬ 
lowing the famine period is the two orphan- 


North Kiangsu Mission. 


67 


ages. These orphanages have been established 
at several points and are supported by the 
Christian Herald Fund under the agreement 
with the mission that this support would be 
continued for seven years from the time of 
its beginning. At the end of the seven years 
the property is to pass into the hands of the 
mission, and the school shall be continued in 
the regular work of the station. There are 
about forty in the girls’ orphanage. These are Orphanage 
carefully instructed by the missionaries and 
the Chinese assistants. The orphanage for 
boys has about one hundred and fifty as 
bright, responsive boys as can be found any¬ 
where. These children, many of them taken 
from conditions of abject poverty and degrada¬ 
tion, are developing into bright boys and girls 
and are receiving Christian training and will 
unquestionably become in the years that are 
to follow valuable additions to the working 
force of the native church. 

The medical work at Hsuchoufu is much 
larger than can be accommodated in the build¬ 
ings and hospital equipment now owned by the 
mission. Some time ago a division was made 
between the men’s and the women’s work, Dr. 
MacFadyen taking the division of the men and 
Mrs. Mark B. Grier, M.D., taking the work Medica i 
for the women and children. The clinics aver¬ 
age about one hundred and twenty patients a 
day, besides the in-patients that number about 


68 


In Four Continents. 


Opium 
T reatment 


Population 


sixty. Hsuchoufu is in the opium district and 
consequently the drug is cheap and there are 
more than the usual number of suicides. While 
the suppression of opium may have reduced 
the number of these cases, yet there are still 
a very large number of patients who come to 
the hospital for treatment. These cases were 
formerly treated in their homes, but the ex¬ 
perience of the missionaries shows that this 
was very unsatisfactory, as it required more 
time than could be given. At Hsuchoufu, as 
at other of our hospitals, the patients are kept 
in rooms provided for the purpose. 

The field around Hsuchoufu embraces, 
roughly estimated, about 100,000 square li 
(three li to the mile), with no other Protest¬ 
ant mission at work. The field extends to the 
boundary of the provinces of Honan and Anhwei 
on the west and south, and joins the work of 
the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. (North), 
on the north, and our own mission on the east. 


hwaianfu. 

Hwaianfu is a prefectural city located on the 
Grand Canal about one hundred and twenty 
miles from Chinkiang, and about ten miles 
south of Tsing-Kiang-Pu. As a prefectural city 
it governs six districts. The population of the 
city is estimated at about 170,000, and that of 
the field, for which the station is responsible, 


North Kiangsu Mission. 


69 


three or four million. The three walls in their 
present and past location divide the city into The Triple 
the new, the old, and the interlying city. It Clt * 
takes its name from the Hwai River, which 
at one time had its course by the city, but its 
waters have been diverted into a lake and canal. 

A large number of wealthy Chinese, especially 
those of the official class, who are very conserv¬ 
ative people, reside in this city. While many 
of them are friends of the missionaries they 
have been slow to accept the gospel. The lo¬ 
cation of Hwaianfu makes it an admirable 
point for evangelistic work. The Grand Canal 
supplies communication from the north and 
south, and the radiating canals from the east 
and west. Spreading out from this city the 
network of canals covers the entire vast region 
with its millions of people between the Grand 
Canal and the China Sea to the east. This en¬ 
tire field is open to south and southeast as far 
as the Yangtze River, to our church. 

In the aristocratic city of Hwaianfu, opened 
as a station in 1895, a good beginning, but only 
a beginning, has been made. We have one The Opening 
good mission home with a chapel adjoining and 
a small and totally inadequate dispensary. 

Rev. Henry M. Woods is in general charge of 
the work in the city. He is especially favored 
with the friendship of a number of the Chinese 
of the official and better classes. The greatest 
need of this station is an adequate hospital. 


70 


In Four Continents. 


Dispensary 


The “Marion 
Sprunt” 


Hitherto a clinic at Hwaianfu has been held 
by one of the physicians coming down from 
Tsing-Kiang-Pu, ten miles up the canal. A phy¬ 
sician is now located at Hwaianfu and the hope 
is that, at an early day, funds may be found 
for the erection of a hospital, with its equip¬ 
ment. 

From the last Annual Eeport it is learned 
that the evangelistic work at Hwaianfu con¬ 
sists of regular services twice on the Sabbath, 
the Sunday School, and weekly prayer meet¬ 
ings. On dispensary days there is a preaching 
service continuing from one and one-half hours 
to three hours, which sometimes exhausts the 
preacher, but never the patient hearers. The 
attendance at the services is good and there 
is a manifest growing interest and understand¬ 
ing of the gospel in this conservative city which, 
when once moved, will be a very influential 
center for a wide reaching evangelistic work. 
With the dispensary, which is a comparatively 
small room, a very great work has been done 
by the physicians who until recently, gave two 
days in each week to Hwaianfu hospital work. 
The steam launch, “Marion Sprunt,” makes pos¬ 
sible these visits. The trip between-the two 
cities is made in comfort and comparatively 
short time by the evangelists exchanging work 
in the two cities. A physician is now resident 
at this station. Until recently the land owned 
by the mission was entirely too small to accom- 


North Kiangsu Mission. 


71 


modate even the present work. The fact that 
recently two pieces of property have been se¬ 
cured by the mission is an expression of the 
increased interest and confidence of the peo¬ 
ple. Dr. Woods says: "If a hospital can 
soon be provided for our new doctor who is 
coming, we shall be well equipped, and, with 
our enlarged force, have reason to thank God 
and hope for great things in the future.” 
(June, 1910.) 

HAICHOW. 

From the time of the establishment of our 
mission stations in the North Kiangsu Mis¬ 
sion the missionaries have made extensive and 
repeated journeys from Hwaianfu, Tsing-Ki- 
ang-Pu and Suchien in an easterly direction 
toward the China Sea. The letters of the mis¬ 
sionaries give very little account of the hard¬ 
ships they endured, but there were hardships 
and many of them. There was a strong oppo¬ 
sition to foreigners. The missionaries were the 
first foreigners to visit large sections of this 
great region in which there is an immense pop¬ 
ulation. These visits were gradually extended 
until they finally reached Haichow, an im¬ 
portant city about one hundred miles directly 
north of Tsing-Kiang-Pu, and eighty-five or 
ninety miles northeast of Suchien. Haichow 
has a population of about 40,000 people. Some 
conception of the difficulties of the work and 


Hospital 

Needed 


Extension 

Eastward 


72 


In Four Continents. 


of the hardships of the missionaries may be 
gathered from their letters. Rev. W. F. Junkin 
speaks of leaving home on a certain Monday, 
preaching on the way, and arriving at Hai- 
chow on Saturday afternoon. Rev. A. D. Rice, 
who was located at Haichow when the station 
was opened, joined Mr. Junkin and they 
together looked over the field. The journey 
from Suchien was made by wheelbarrow. Slow 
progress was made because of the shortness of 
the days and the danger of travel at night on 
account of robbers. In reporting this visit Mr. 
Junkin says that the mission had been try¬ 
ing for some time to secure property at Hai¬ 
chow without success. There was strong oppo¬ 
sition to the opening of the work by the local 
literati. The people seemed willing to sell prop¬ 
erty but did not dare to do so for fear of per¬ 
secution from the gentry. The place had been 
formerly visited several times by Mr. Rice, so 
that the sight of a foreigner did not attract 
so much attention. The missionaries mingled 
freely with the people on the streets, called 
upon the teachers in the new government 
school, where they were treated with great 
courtesy and kindness. These were the begin¬ 
ning experiences of the Haichow mission. Sub¬ 
sequently Rev. and Mrs. A. D. Rice were as¬ 
signed to this field. There was some interest, 
but more curiosity and opposition. Wild 
stories were told about the missionaries and of 


North Kiangsu Mission. 


73 


the dire results their presence would bring 
upon the people, but since the fall of 1908, 
when the station was opened, the work has 
steadily grown in the favor of the people. 

Changes have been made in the appointment 
of missionaries to this station, but the work has 
not been interrupted. Latest reports from the 
field indicate the disposition on the part of 
the people to cooperate with the missionaries 
at the station. Rev. and Mrs. J. W. Vinson First 
were assigned to this field in 1909. The medi- MlS81onarie » 
cal department at Haichow is in charge of Dr. 

L. S. Morgan. A great work is open as soon 
as a hospital building can be provided. In the 
meantime there is considerable clinical treat¬ 
ment. 

The following incident related by Mrs. Mor¬ 
gan, M.D., is an indication of the methods and 
results of this kind of medical work. 

“I have had one especially interesting patient 
lately, a lady from a well-to-do family near us. 

She came three or four days ago, asking that 
I ‘see her disease/ Poor thing! She was miser¬ 
able with indigestion and all its pains and 
aches, and she was as blue as any patient I 
ever saw. Her head was decorated with vari¬ 
ous plasters, for she had a terrible headache. A Medical 
The next day she came again, this time with Incident 
smiles and praise for the wonderful medicines 
that had stopped at least some of her troubles. 

Her husband is insane and she is the manager 


74 


In Four Continents. 


A Mountain 
View 


of the whole family, so that she has a great 
deal to look after, as there are numerous rela¬ 
tives dependent upon her. She is more intelli¬ 
gent than many of the women and asks us a 
great many questions about America and Ger¬ 
many, our customs and our ways of eating and 
dressing. She knows some characters, so we 
have given her a tract to read and hope she 
will ask for more of them.” 

The opening of Haichow as a station has 
greatly relieved the missionary force at Tsing- 
Kiang-Pu, as it forms a center from which a 
large section of country can be worked. Both 
the greatness of the field and its needs are 
eloquently expressed by Mr. Junkin as follows: 
“In Haichow I climbed to the top of Haichow 
Mountain, which overlooks the city. This bar¬ 
ren rock mountain, quite picturesque, but as 
dead as the empty forms of heathen morality 
all around it, must be a thousand or twelve 
hundred feet high. It was a beautifully clear 
day and I could see for miles and miles in all 
directions. To the east I could see the blue 
ocean which stretches out to America with its 
Christian churches and lovely homes. In other 
directions as far as the eye could reach, were 
village after village, town after town, hundreds 
of them. I knew these villages and towns and 
the busy city below me were teeming with men 
and women and boys and girls. Not a single 
Christian in all this great multitude—comfort- 


North Kiangsu Mission. 


75 


less, godless, hopeless. I looked back toward 
Suchien over the ninety miles we had come. 
Since we had left home we had passed through 
a number of towns, a great many villages, and 
one walled city, and we had not come within 
sight of a single Protestant Christian home. I 
thought of the home friends who are interested 
in the opening of this new station, sending 
out workers for it and supporting the work. 
I thought of their duty and glorious privilege 
to send light and hope and joy to these mul¬ 
titudes, and to make Christ, our Saviour, King 
over these who now belong to Satan.” 


TAICHOW. 

Taichow is an important city about fifty 
miles northeast of Chinkiang, and is reached by 
canal boat. This city has for some time been 
an outstation work of the Chinkiang field. 

There has been great opposition to the gospel 
and the missionaries had great difficulty in se¬ 
curing an entrance to the city. The Chinese 
evangelist working in connection with Rev. C. 

N. Caldwell was beaten almost to death. When 
the place was opened as a regular station in Difficulties 
1908 he could find no place in which to live 
and was compelled to occupy a small house¬ 
boat. The difficulty in securing land is told 
by Mr. Caldwell. He says, “A large part of 
our time has been taken up in the attempt to 


76 


In Four Continents. • 


A Memorial 
Church 


Needs 


buy property. There seems to be no end of 
land for sale and at least fifty or sixty places 
have been examined, but the price goes up to 
prohibitive figures, and we have had to give up 
thought of them. We are glad to report, how¬ 
ever, that we have succeeded in buying a very 
desirable place for our church and residence 
of our native helper. The place secured is 
ample in size and well located near the center 
of the city.” On this land there was erected 
in the summer of 1910 the first building at 
the Taichow station. The erection of this build¬ 
ing has been made possible by the gift of a 
generous friend in Baltimore who gave the 
money as a memorial of his son. In connection 
with this building there has also been erected 
a native preacher’s house. 

Mr. Caldwell, in writing of the general com 
ditions of the field, emphasizes the need of ad- 
ditional missionaries, including a doctor. 
Alone has the missionary who was assigned to 
open this station attempted the work. There 
is no physician nearer than one hundred and 
twenty miles and it would require nearly two 
days for him to reach the station. In the vicin¬ 
ity of Taichow there are numerous towns and 
villages. There is a city forty miles to the 
north of over 100,000 people, that has not 
been visited by a missionary until very recently 
for over three years. 

The work at this station is in its beginning, 


North Kiangsu Mission. 


77 


but it has promise of large results. In the Encourage- 
Annual Report it is said, “The work is only ments 
limited by the strength of those of us who 
are to be here, and there is plenty for as many 
as can come and take part in it. There is a 
growing spirit of inquiry and desire on the 
part of a number of the people to know at least 
more about the new doctrine. God put it into 
the hearts of his people to respond now while 
the great opportunity is before us, and before 
it is too late.” 

THE FAMINE OF 1907. 

The great famine of 1907, which occurred 
in the region occupied by our North Kiangsu 
Mission stations, has been such an important 
factor in opening the way for the preaching 
of the gospel in all that section of China, that 
some mention of it is an essential part of this 
sketch. The current literature of that year 
contains accounts of conditions distressing be¬ 
yond all possibility of description. It so oc¬ 
curred that the members of the North Kiangsu 
Mission were, in large degree, the leaders in Our Mission- 
the distribution of the relief which the gener- headers 
ous contributions of the people of the United 
States made possible. The famine, caused by 
the destruction of crops and homes by an un¬ 
precedented rainfall continuing for several 
months, drove the people in multitudes from 
their homes and they were concentrated at all 


78 


In Four Continents. 


Work of 
Heroes 


the large cities. Our missionaries, with the 
cooperation of the missionaries of other denom¬ 
inations, gave up all other work and devoted 
themselves to the saving of the lives of as many 
of the people as their physical strength would 
allow. The stories of heroism will never be 
written, but they will find their reward in 
the day when the Lord shall say, “Inasmuch 
as ye did it unto one of the least of these, ye 
did it unto Me.” Men and women, evangelists, 
preachers and teachers, at the risk of contract¬ 
ing fatal sickness, absolutely physically ex¬ 
hausted themselves in their work among the 
people. Missionaries, even now, refer to the 
awful experiences of those days with a shudder. 
The scenes of the dead and dying, including 
the old and the young, the women and the 
children, cannot be forgotten. These condi¬ 
tions continued for about three months. As 
nerve-racking and heart-breaking as was the 
work of those awful days, there is no doubt 
but what it has worked to the furtherance of 
the gospel. After the work of relief had been 
organized and was under way it commended 
itself to the officials and gentry in all the cities. 
The appreciation, not only of the starving, but 
of the wealthy and official classes, was cordial 
and outspoken. “Constant effort was made to 
keep before the officials and the people the 
motive of the relief work, viz: disinterested 
friendliness growing out of the teachings of 


North Kiangsu Mission. 


79 


our Saviour; and they realized this to a re¬ 
markable degree and often remarked that the 
help which China received came from Christ.” 
When the magistrate of Hwaianfu presented a 
handsome memorial tablet to the station ex¬ 
pressing his thanks, the leading man who came 
to announce the gift suggested that it be hung 
in the chapel in honor of the Saviour, as the 
Chinese knew the charity bestowed had been 
due to him. Rev. H. M. Woods, speaking of 
the presentation of this gift, has said: “It was 
one of the most impressive sights I had ever 
seen in China. The prefect, magistrate, colonel, 
lower officials and leading men of the city came 
in their full robes of ceremony, and with a 
deafening noise of firecrackers and cannon, 
stood in a circle around the pulpit and directly 
in front of a tablet hanging over the pulpit 
which reads, ‘He gave his life to save the 
world/ Before this they bowed three times, 
this being the Chinese way of giving thanks 
and showing their love to the Saviour to whom 
they knew the famine relief was due. Though 
it was not our way of Christian worship, it 
was the best they knew and was earnest and 
heartfelt.” While this impressive expression 
of gratitude was not so formally presented at 
other cities there was an equal sense of grate¬ 
fulness for the relief, and in many cases a 
direct acknowledgment that it was due to the 
Christian doctrine. A profound and wide- 


An Apprecia¬ 
tion 


80 


In Four Continents. 


spread impression for good was made upon 
the Chinese by the relief work, not only tend¬ 
ing to promote kindly feeling between China 
and other countries, but also to open the heart 
of multitudes to the gospel. We quote again 
from the report of Dr. Woods: “We owe our 
hearty thanks to Almighty God for His 
gracious guidance and help in difficult work, 
and for mercifully sparing the lives of the faith¬ 
ful brethren. Our Christian friends in the 
United States who contributed so generously 
to this work can ‘thank God and take courage* 
in the outlook following the famine relief. The 
people were never so friendly, and the pros¬ 
pects never so bright all through this region, 
and they may feel sure that, in due time, the 
Lord will use what has been done to lead mul¬ 
titudes to the ‘Bread of Life* which, if a man 
eat, he shall never hunger.** 

In traveling along the Grand Canal north 
of the Yangtze and in the country districts 
more than two years after the end of the 
famine it was found in cities, villages, and in 
every place where the suffering had been given 
relief, a desire for the work of the missionary. 
The missionaries, knowing how readily the peo¬ 
ple would receive the message, entered into the 
experience of our Lord when it is said of Him, 
“He was moved with compassion when He saw 
the multitudes scattered abroad, as sheep with¬ 
out a shepherd.’* Shall the church be ready to 


North Kiangsu Mission. 


81 


pour out a part of the abundance of her pos¬ 
sessions to enable the missionaries on the field 
to give to the people whose famine of soul is 
well pictured in the physical hunger of the 
famine period, that soul food which alone is the 
Bread of Life? 

The field occupied, or rather assigned, to the 
North Kiangsu Mission presents a two fold ap¬ 
peal—its yastness and need. One of the mis- Vastness 
sionaries writing in behalf of himself and fel- a nd Need 
low-workers, says: “Our great desire is that 
our branch of the Presbyterian Church should 
see this great field as we see it—a desperately 
destitute field, a field for our particular church, 
a field our church should occupy at once. This 
two-tliirds of Kiangsu Province, inhabited by 
twelve million or more people, is occupied 
almost exclusively by our mission. Other mis¬ 
sions have entered, and are doing some work 
in the southern part. On the southwest of us, 
in Anhwei Province, and north of us, in Shan¬ 
tung Province, the Presbyterian Church, U. S. 

A., has a large mission work. In the comity 
of missions it is the duty of our church to oc¬ 
cupy this intervening field. Here is a tract 
which is as yet left almost wholly (the north¬ 
ern part altogether wholly) to us. Shall we 
not make it Presbyterian for the future unity 
and peace and best welfare of God’s church? 

We are calling for help. We cannot remain 
here and see men dying without the gospel and 
& 


82 


In Four Continents. 


not do all in our power to have it brought to 
them. The whole field here is our own. Would 
it not be best to occupy it and keep it ours— 
homogeneous? It does certainly seem that 
God has given it to the church to occupy, and 
if we do not occupy it we will be unfaithful 
to our trust. Come up to the help of the Lord. 
Occupy North Kiangsu for Christ, our King. 
He leads to victory. These people will some 
day own Him Lord. Will you have a share in 
the glorious triumph and help to hasten that 
good day?” 



84 


In Four Continents. 


OUR DUTY TO JAPAN. 

The course of Christianity in the future will not 
be an unopposed, easy march to victory. There yet 
remains a great deal to be done. Many clouds still 
linger on the horizon, making us anxious about the 
morrow. But so much has already been done that 
the churches at home should feel encouraged to renew 
their energies for the final contest. When one divi¬ 
sion of an army has forced a breach in the enemy’s 
lines, it is not left to hold the position alone, but rein¬ 
forcements are hurried forward to its assistance, and 
the advantage gained is instantly followed up. The 
attack has been made in Japan; the enemy’s lines 
have been broken, but the victory is not yet. This is 
no time for retreat, for hesitancy, or for cavil; this 
is a time for prompt reinforcement and liberal sup¬ 
port. Let the home churches feel that such is their 
present duty toward the work in Japan. . . . With an 
assured faith, built upon the firm promises of God, 
we confidently look forward to the time when the 
empire of Japan shall no longer be a mission field, 
but shall herself send the message of light and life 
to the darkened millions around her. May God hasten 
the day.—R. B. Peery, 












































































































































































































































. 


































































































































































































IV. 


JAPAN. 

The first missionaries of the Presbyterian 
Church to Japan were Rev. and Mrs. J. C. Hep 
burn, who had been among the earliest of the 
Presbyterian missionaries to China. These pio¬ 
neer missionaries who arrived in the Sunrise 
Kingdom in 1859, a few months after the com¬ 
ing of the first Protestant missionaries to that 
country, encountered, at the very beginning, 
great hostility. This fear and hatred of Chris- First 
tianity on the part of the Japanese is directly Mlsslonan * 
traceable to the Jesuit missions of the sixteenth 
century. In 1549 Francis Xavier came to the 
southern island of Kiushiu. He remained two 
years but in response to his letters other mis¬ 
sionaries came from Europe and at the end 
of thirty years their converts were said to num¬ 
ber one hundred and fifty thousand. On ac¬ 
count of the resemblance of the Jesuit religion 
to Buddhism there was but little difficulty in 
getting the people to change from the. old to 
the new religion. A distrust finally arose 
against the Catholics and a decree of ex¬ 
pulsion was issued in 1589, but it was not 
until 1614 that the terrible persecutions came. 
Indescribable tortures were inflicted upon those 

85 


86 


In Four Continents. 


Persecutions 


Japan 

Opened 


who confessed the new religion. Thousands of 
priests and converts were killed. The last stand 
made by the survivors was in the old castle 
of Shimabara, which resulted in a victory for 
the government which was celebrated, so it is 
stated, by a massacre of thirty thousand. On 
the ruins of the castle was placed the inscrip¬ 
tion, “So long as the sun shall warm the earth 
let no Christian be so bold as to come to Japan; 
and let us know that the King of Spain him¬ 
self, or the Christians’ God, or the great God 
of all, if he violates this command, shall pay for 
it with his head.” 

For two hundred and fifty years Japan was 
closed to the world. In July, 1853, Commo¬ 
dore Perry arrived with his fleet in the Bay 
of Yeddo (Tokyo), with a letter from the Pres¬ 
ident of the United States to the Mikado. He 
declined to be received under humiliating con¬ 
ditions, and sailed away. In February, 1854, 
he returned with an increased number of ves¬ 
sels, and about one month later negotiated a 
treaty by which two ports were opened to Amer¬ 
ican trade. Ritter, in his “History of Protest¬ 
ant Missions in Japan,” says: “Perry owed his 
bloodless victory, not only to the display of 
external force, but also to the deep, moral im¬ 
pression made by his whole conduct. Katsu 
Awa, afterwards Minister of the Japanese 
Navy, who witnessed the negotiations, most ap¬ 
propriately described this impression by saying 


Japan. 


87 


that a man, who, though supported by ships 
and cannons, acted with such gentleness, kind¬ 
ness, patience, and yet firmness; having force, 
yet not using it, could not be a barbarian, or 
if he were, it were better for the Japanese to 
become barbarians themselves.” Notwithstand¬ 
ing, when the first missionaries arrived in 
Japan they found Christianity a prohibited re¬ 
ligion. It was death to profess Christianity. 
When the subject of Christianity was men¬ 
tioned in the presence of a Japanese, his hand 
would, almost involuntarily, be applied to his 
throat, to imply the danger. The following 
edict against Christianity was placed upon all 
the bulletin boards in the Empire: “The evil Edicts 
sect, called Christian, is strictly prohibited. 
Suspected persons should be reported to the 
proper officers, and rewards will be given.” 

Only ten persons were baptized, five in the 
vicinity of Tokyo, and five in the vicinity of 
Nagasaki, in the first twelve years of the Prot¬ 
estant missions in Japan (1859-1872), and 
these baptisms were administered in secret. 

The first Japanese church was organized in 
Yokohama, in 1872. The edicts against Chris¬ 
tianity were removed in 1873. In the early days 
there w r ere no railroads, few steamers, and few 
roads suitable for travel. There was great dif¬ 
ficulty in acquiring the language on account of 
the prejudice against the missionaries and the 
inability to secure teachers. Before any part 


88 


In Four Continents. 


Statistics 


of the Bible or Christian books or tracts were 
in circulation there were skeptical publications 
scattered through the country, in both the 
Japanese and English languages. In the face 
of these obstacles in the early days the fifty 
years of missionary work, beginning with the 
little vanguard, has made an advance far be¬ 
yond the early expectations of the pioneers in 
the work. In round numbers there are 800 
missionaries in Japan, and 400 organized 
churches, of which about one-fourth are self- 
supporting. The church membership is over 
70,000. There are 500 ordained Japanese 
preachers, 600 unordained workers, 200 Bible 
women, and in a thousand Sabbath schools 
nearly 100,000 scholars. The contributions of 
the Japanese Christians in the year 1909 
amounted to nearly $150,000. In the mission 
boarding schools there are 4,000 boys and 6,000 
girls, and about 8,000 students are in kinder 
gartens and other day schools. In the mission 
schools there are 400 students in theological 
training, and 200 women are being trained in 
Bible schools. From these institutions there 
have gone out more than 1,200 pastors, evan¬ 
gelists and Bible women. There are great pub¬ 
lishing houses of Christian literature. The 
translation of the New Testament was com¬ 
pleted in 1880, and the Old Testament in 1888. 
The total number of Bibles and Portions cir¬ 
culated during the last twenty-eight years is 


Japan. 


89 


about four million volumes, two million of 
these volumes having been circulated during 
the last five years. Christianity has had a 
powerful influence upon the civic and moral 
life of the people. There are also evidences 
of this influence in political affairs, there being 
some fourteen professed Christians in the 
Japanese Parliament. 

The presentation of these favorable state¬ 
ments would be unfair were it not supplemented 
with statements of the remaining great need 
of the gospel in Japan. There are three prov¬ 
inces with a total population of 2,000,000 in 
which there is not a missionary. Another 
province with 800,000 population has only one 
missionary. Three provinces, with an aggre¬ 
gate population of nearly 4,000,000, have 
only two missionaries in each. Another 
striking fact is that of the 70,000 Prot¬ 
estant Christians, seventy-five to eighty 
per cent are found in and near six 
of the great cities of the Empire. The re¬ 
maining twenty-five per cent of Christians are 
in small bands scattered among at least 40,- 
000,000 people. Three-fourths of the popula¬ 
tion of Japan live in villages and towns 
of 3,000 or less, a field which the gospel has 
only barely touched, or has not been preached 
at all. While giving thanks for what has been 
accomplished in Japan, there is need for prayer 
that the gospel may be sent to the from thirty 


A Great 
Need 


90 


In Four Continents. 


First 

Presbyterian 

Missionaries 


to forty million people who are without the 
message. Let no one think the work is done. 
We have only come to the sunrise of the gospel 
in the Sunrise Kingdom. The time of its noon¬ 
day glory is yet to come. More missionaries, 
better equipment, wisdom in administration—in 
brief, the powder of the Holy Spirit in the work 
already accomplished, and upon the present 
and future history of the Protestant church in 
Japan is the appeal of all the missionaries and 
devout Japanese Christians. 

During the time Rev. J. Leighton Wilson was 
Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign 
Missions, in New York, Rev. Jas. C. Hepburn 
was his family physician and intimate friend 
from 1854 to 1859. Probably this intimate 
friendship led to the sending of Dr. and Mrs. 
Hepburn, in 1859, as the first missionaries of 
the Presbyterian Board to Japan. In later 
years when Dr. Wilson was the Secretary of 
the Executive Committee of Foreign Missions 
of our branch of the Presbyterian Church it 
would be but natural that through his rela¬ 
tionship with Dr. Hepburn he should have a 
deep interest in Japan. While on his way to 
China as our first missionary on foreign soil, 
Rev. E. B. Inslee wrote to Dr. Wilson, from 
Nagasaki: “Can you not induce some of your 
young men and women to come into this field, 
to help in the evangelization of these benighted 
heathen? Tell them that Japan lies just by 


Japan. 


91 


the wayside that leads to heaven—the most 
beautiful land in the world, and is as near the 
city of our Great King as any on the globe. 

Its fields are white unto the harvest; there¬ 
fore press them to come and put in their sickles, 
that they may reap part of the glorious fruits.” 

But these fields, “white to the harvest,” were to 
wait eighteen years for the first representatives 
of our church to enter as reapers. This long 
delay was from lack of funds rather than 
from lack of interest. In December, 1885, when 
Rev. M. H. Houston had succeeded to the office 
of Secretary of Foreign Missions, Rev. R. B. 

Grinnan and Rev. R. E. McAlpine became our Our First 
pioneer missionaries in Japan. Through a gen- M lsslonanes 
erous offering of the Woman’s Foreign Mission¬ 
ary Society of the Grand Avenue Presbyterian 
Church, St. Louis, and additional gifts, the 
Executive Committee was enabled to open 
the Japan Mission, and the two brethren, 
one from Virginia, and the other from Ala¬ 
bama, alumni of Union and Columbia semi¬ 
naries, were sent out and arrived in Yokohama 
in November, 1885. On the arrival of the mis¬ 
sionaries in Yokohama they were received into 
the hospitable home of Rev. Jas. H. Ballagh, 
at whose urgent request the work had been un¬ 
dertaken. Following the advice of the Japan 
Council of Presbyterian Missions, Messrs. Grin- 
nan and McAlpine visited the cities of Nagoya 
and Kochi. After a visit to the former city 


92 


In Four Continents. 


The First 
Station 


in December, 1885, and the latter in January, 
188G, Kochi was selected as presenting the finest 
opening for mission work. 


KOCHI. 

The principal part of Japan consists of four 
large islands: Yezo, at the extreme north; 
Hondo, the largest and most important of the 
islands; Shikoku, across the Inland Sea from 
Hondo; and Kiushiu, the southernmost island. 

Kochi is the capital of the Province of Tosa, 
in the southeastern portion of Shikoku. The 
population is about 35,000, including suburbs, 
about 45,000. The city is delightfully situated 
at the head of a land-locked bay, in picturesque¬ 
ness not to be surpassed, even in Japan. Its 
location is in one of the few plains of the 
Province of Tosa. Kice, wheat and vegetables 
of various kinds are grown in abundance. The 
principal products are rice, sugar, sweet pota¬ 
toes, oranges, persimmons, and other fruit; 
salt, fish, camphor, coral, lumber, and silk. The 
mission work of this province of 600,000 in¬ 
habitants, having Kochi for its center, has 
practically been given over to the Presbyterian 
Church, U. S. One of the reasons for the se¬ 
lection of Kochi as the first of our mission sta¬ 
tions in Japan was that there had been a re¬ 
markable interest in Christianity aroused 
among some of the influential men of the 


Japan. 


93 


province, and several of them had joined the 
church that had been organized at least six 
months prior to the arrival of our missionaries. Early Days 
The first days were fully occupied with the 
selection of the location of the station, the ac¬ 
quisition of the language, cultivating the ac¬ 
quaintance of the people, etc. Foreigners were 
not allowed to live outside the treaty ports un¬ 
less employed by Japanese, and to overcome this 
difficulty the missionaries arranged to give an 
hour a day to teaching English in a school sup¬ 
ported by some of the influential men of the 
city. During the months of preparation the 
local church was rapidly increasing in the 
number of believers under the work of the native 
evangelist, Mr. Yamamoto, and in May, 1886, 
on the first anniversary of the organization of 
the church, there were over one hundred mem¬ 
bers of the church, which had practically become 
self-supporting. The missionary force at Kochi 
was increased by the marriage of Mr. Grinnan 
in October, to Miss Lena Leete, of North Caro¬ 
lina, who had been one of the teachers in the 
Presbyterian school at Tokyo. At this time 
this little band, three in number, were the 
total mission force on the populous island of 
Shikoku. The work from the beginning was 
most encouraging. 

In response to urgent appeals the Executive 
Committee, in 1887, sent to the Japan Mission 
Kev. H. B. Price and Kev. D. P. Junkin. An- 


94 


In Four Continents. 


other missionary was added to the band by the 
marriage of McAlpine to the youngest daughter 
of Rev. Jas. H. Ballagh, the veteran missionary 
of Yokohama. In succeeding years reinforce¬ 
ments were added to the Kochi station. Miss 
Annie H. Dowd and Miss C. E. Stirling ar¬ 
rived in 1888. In 1889 Rev. W. B. Mcllwaine 
arrived, and during the following year was 
married to Miss Jones of the China Mission. 
In 1890 Rev. J. W. Moore was added to the 
Kochi workers. In 1893 Miss Sala Evans ar¬ 
rived in Tosa to engage in work among women. 

By the end of the year 1887 the Kochi church 
building was completed at a cost of about 
$900. With the exception of about $225 this 
commodious building, seating some 600 people, 
was erected with money given by the Japanese 
Christians. By 1890 the church had increased 
to a membership of over 500. From this center 
interest spread to other parts of the province 
and small bands of believers were to be found 
in many of the important towns. Regular 
preaching was kept up in over twenty towns 
and the missionaries alone conducted service 
in more than sixty places. In the last ten 
years the work at Kochi has enlarged to the 
city limits and has been further extended to 
the towns and villages of Tosa Province. 

Miss Annie H. Dowd arrived in Kochi, fol¬ 
lowed a few months later by Miss C. E. Stir¬ 
ling, and, in May, 1888, the school for girls 


Japan. 


95 


was opened with twenty-five pupils. The work 
was continued successfully until 1894 when for 
good reasons the school was closed. In 1891, 

Miss Dowd, assisted by Mr. Mcllwaine, began 
her Bible school for women. The purpose of 
this school was to train women helpers for 
the missionaries, and to give Christian women 
such a knowledge of the Bible as would make 
them efficient workers. Owing to the failure 
of Miss Dowd’s health and her consequent tem¬ 
porary return to America, this school was dis¬ 
continued. Subsequently, in 1895, the school 
was removed to Kobe. 

The women missionaries of the Kochi sta¬ 
tion, both married and single, have rendered Work of 
self-sacrificing and successful service in women’s Women 
meetings of various kinds, the establishment 
of Sunday Schools, women’s Bible classes, and 
other work for the Japanese women. Mothers 
have been given instruction in the bringing 
up of the children and visits have been made 
to the hospitals. At the present time the work 
in Kochi consists of the cooperation of the mis¬ 
sionaries with the self-supporting Japanese 
church, instruction of a Bible class of young 
men in the missionary home, the continuance 
of a most interesting class of old women, taught 
by Miss Dowd for a number of years. Of the 
thirty-two old women who are members of the 
class twenty-seven are over sixty years of age. 

The oldest^ the mother of Mr, Hosokawa, mem- 


96 


In Four Continents. 


The City 


ber of the Japanese Parliament from this dis¬ 
trict, is eighty-four years of age. There could 
come to no missionary or visitor a happier ex¬ 
perience than to meet with these souls, happy in 
Christ, ripening for glory. At Saluba Chapel, 
another point in the city, a successful work has 
been established under the direction of Kev. 
H. H. Munroe. The Sunday school, admirably 
graded and organized, has an average attend¬ 
ance of about ninety. The industrial school 
established by Miss Dowd a number of years 
ago continues its successful work. 

NAGOYA. 

When the first reinforcements of the Japan 
Mission arrived in 1887, it was decided to open 
a station at Nagoya. In October of that year, 
Kev. and Mrs. R. E. Me Alpine and Kev. H. B. 
Price were located in this most important city 
in the Province of Owari. Nagoya is located 
in a broad and fertile plain about midway be¬ 
tween Tokyo and Osaka. It has a population 
of about 300,000, is the fourth city in the Empire 
in size, and one of the busiest places in Japan. 
Prior to the arrival of Mr. McAlpine and Mr. 
Price and their wives, no missionaries resided 
in the city. The only Protestant work was 
conducted through native evangelists. Some 
six years before, Kev. Jas. H. Ballagh, of the 
Dutch Reformed Church, of Yokohama, had 
organized a church with some fifty members, 


Japan. 


97 


which was turned over to our Japan Mission. 

Under the leadership of the missionaries, this 
church gradually became self-supporting, and a 
building was erected in 1895. It has now grown 
to be a church of much importance. A second 
Presbyterian church has been organized, which 
has about reached the point of self-support. In 
the Annual Report of the Japan Mission for 
1909 it was said: “It is true that we have two 
Presbyterian churches established in the city. 

One of them, the Nagoya church, became en- The Churches 
tirely self-supporting years ago, and the other, 
the ‘Kinjo (Golden Castle) church/ which 
attained a state of quasi self-support last spring. 

But with these hundreds of thousands of people 
all about us who are not being reached, we feel 
convinced that we must open other places of 
preaching, and more strenuous efforts must yet 
be made to compel them to come in to the mar¬ 
riage feast of the King. Steps have been taken 
to unite all the Christians in five towms, that 
they may ultimately support the one preacher, 
who will minister to them all. This is a good 
beginning toward self-support, which is far 
more than past the level in the evangelization of 
a country.” 

In 1888, Mrs. Randolph, who had been in 
charge of the girls’ school at Hangchow, China, 
was compelled, on account of ill health, to give 
up her work at that station. She went to Japan 
and located at Nagoya. S6on after her arrival 
7 


98 


In Four Continents. 


Nagoya 
Girls’ School 


\ 


she laid the foundation for the Nagoya Girls’ 
School. For eleven years from the foundation 
of the school “it dwelt in tents”— i. e on leased 
grounds—but finally ground was purchased and 
a building erected, large enough, it was thought 
at the time, for years to come. Very soon the 
building was full to overflowing, and in 1894 a 
roomy chapel and dormitory were erected. These 
school buildings, with the one for the foreign 
ladies, make five buildings on the school lot, 
leaving small space for a playground, which is 
much needed. Writing of this school, Mr. Mc- 
Alpine says: “Our Nagoya Girls’ School is the 
last work in the life of Mrs. Randolph. For 
her sake we should firmly establish it. For the 
sake of the work it has thus far accomplished 
we should place it upon a sound basis; its grad¬ 
uates are found in places of importance, as 
wives of pastors, school teachers, Bible workers, 
Christian women in the communities; every¬ 
where they are faithful and valuable women for 
witness-bearing for the Master. For the sake 
of Japan’s future generations this school should 
be put on a firm foundation. That Christian 
education is superior to heathen training need 
not be argued; but that is the issue at this time. 
In the recent past the Department of Education 
has more than once issued regulations which 
seemed intended to cripple and crush out Chris¬ 
tian schools. Twelve years ago such regula¬ 
tions were issued, but all the schools with our 


Japan. 


99 


principals remained firm and refused to be 
crushed and the Educational Department 
avoided the issue. Now again, two years ago, 
the general regulation was issued, which means 
practical extinction to all schools not in some 
way recognized by the government. In order 
to attain such government recognition we lack Necessary Ii 
three things: (1) apparatus; (2) licensed teach- P rovements 
ers, who are really no better than our present 
force; (3) modern, up-to-date buildings. All 
three cost money. We are getting the first two 
requisites by degrees, but the third is only at¬ 
tainable by a grant of the appeal for $10,000. 

All Christian schools are practically agreed that 
the conditions named by the government are not 
unreasonable, and will not at all affect religious 
principles. If we fail to meet the requirements 
it is practically an acknowledgment of ourselves 
as being content with poor equipment, and could 
not but result in closing our schools for lack of 
pupils, and this would leave the training of 
coming generations in the hands of irreligious 
and anti-religious instructors—a heathen educa¬ 
tion.” The young people of the Church were 
asked, in connection with the 1910 Children's 
Day offering, to contribute the needed $10,000. 

It is believed that the contributions of the Sun¬ 
day school, supplemented by the gifts of a few 
generous friends, will provide the necessary 
amount, and that the many years of work in the 
Nagoya Girls' School, as fruitful as it has been, 


100 


In Four Continents. 


Outstation 

Work 


will be but a beginning of a larger fruitfulness 
in the number of educated Christian young 
women that shall find their place in the Chris¬ 
tian life of Japan. 


GIFU. 

With Nagoya as a central station a large 
work continuing through many years has been 
done in the surrounding towns and villages. 
The work at Gifu was conducted as an outsta¬ 
tion for a number of years. It was finally de¬ 
cided by the mission to locate a family there. 
Accordingly, Rev. C. K. Cumming removed from 
Nagoya to Gifu, where he lived for several years. 
On account of failure in health, which seemed 
to result from the climate, Mr. Cumming, on his 
return from home furlough, was located else¬ 
where. At the present time there is a Japanese 
evangelist in charge of an earnest group of be¬ 
lievers. Rev. R. E. McAlpine has had general 
supervision of this point as an outstation of the 
Nagoya work. In other directions along the 
lines of the railways during the earlier years of 
Mr. Me Alpine’s work at Nagoya, he, with other 
missionaries, has traveled by train and bicycle 
through valleys and over mountains, reaching 
the important towns and villages. At a number 
of places there are groups- of happy, earnest 
Christians who, under the leadership of some 
local Christian man or the pastorate of a Jap¬ 
anese evangelist, are witnesses of grace, and 


Japan. 


101 


stand as representatives of the Light of the 
world in what otherwise would be deepest spir¬ 
itual darkness. 

OKAZAKI AND TOYOHASHI. 

Okazaki is a city of from fifteen to twenty 
thousand inhabitants twenty-five miles south¬ 
east of Nagoya on the main line of railway from 
Tokyo to Nagoya and eastward. It is an old 
castle town. It is noted as the birthplace of 
Iyeyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa family, 
which had supreme control of Japan for over 
two hundred and fifty years. Buddhism is 
powerful and aggressive in the city and sur¬ 
rounding country. It was opened as a regular 
preaching point in 1890. Sufficient work has 
been done to entitle the two cities of Okazaki 
and Toyohashi to the name of mission stations. 

For a. few years the Okazaki station made good 
progress. The workers were active and the Okazaki 
number of believers increased, including several 
men of financial influence. Funds were gath¬ 
ered, a lot purchased, and a substantial church 
building was erected, and the mission enter¬ 
tained the hope that this body of Christians 
would soon be strong enough to become an or¬ 
ganized and self-sustaining church. It became 
necessary to close the boys’ school, which was 
a distinct loss. Rev. S. P. Fulton, who was 
located in Okazaki, was elected by the mission 
to enter the theological faculty in the Meiji 


102 


In Four Continents. 


Gakuin in Tokyo. Key. S. R. Hope was assigned 
to this general field and selected as his place of 
residence the neighboring town of Toyohashi, 
and since that time there has been no mission¬ 
ary resident at Okazaki. Several of the well- 
to-do members removed elsewhere and the 
small body of Christians lost heart. It is the 
hope of the mission, however, that new plans 
may be put in operation and that there yet may 
be a successful work in Okazaki. 

Toyohashi Toyohashi is an important town about an 
hour’s railroad journey into the interior. The 
station at Okazaki has been removed to this 
city. The two cities of Okazaki and Toyohashi 
have been for a considerable period without a 
missionary. Rev. and Mrs. C. K. Cumming 
have been recently located at Toyohashi. At 
this point considerable work has been developed 
toward the east and at a number of towns along 
the railway small groups of Christians have 
been gathered. With the location of a mission¬ 
ary at Toyohashi there is promise of develop¬ 
ment in the field surrounding the two cities. 


KOBE. 

Kobe is one of the most important cities 
in Japan. It is situated in the southern part 
An Important of the island of Hondo and has a population 
Clty of over 300,000. The harbor is one of the 

finest in Japan and at almost any time there 


Japan. 


103 


may be seen the flags of many nations on the 
ships in the harbor. It has both an extensive 
foreign and local trade and the city is grow¬ 
ing rapidly in population and business import¬ 
ance. Stretched along the harbor with moun¬ 
tains to the landward, the city has a magnifi¬ 
cent southern exposure and is considered one 
of the most healthful cities in Japan. There 
is a population of about 2,000 foreigners, and 
stocks of foreign goods may be found in many 
of the Kobe stores. Other churches began 
work in the early days of missionary activi¬ 
ties in Japan. The Presbyterian Church, U. 
S. A. (North), opened a mission in 1890. In 
1891 our church began work in Kobe with Rev. 
and Mrs. R. B. Grinnan as missionaries. The 
little band of fifteen believers soon grew to 
twenty-five. Several preaching places were 
opened to the general public, and especially 
among the women and children there was in¬ 
terest and good promise of results. In 1893, 
on account of the death of Mrs. Grinnan, Mr. 
Grinnan returned to America and Rev. and 
Mrs. R. E. McAlpine were assigned to this sta¬ 
tion. 

Kobe is now recognized as one of our most 
important stations, not only from the geo¬ 
graphical and commercial importance of the 
city, but also on account of the character of 
the work. The church has long been self-sus¬ 
taining and is one of the prominent Presby- 


Evangelistic 


104 


In Four Continents. 


terian churches in Japan. The happiest re¬ 
lationship exists between the missionaries and 
the Japanese pastors, and the church member¬ 
ship. At the present time the missionaries who 
are connected with the Presbyterian Theo¬ 
logical Seminary conduct an energetic and suc¬ 
cessful evangelistic work at several chapels. 
At these chapels the congregations are steadily 
increasing. Writing of Kobe several years 
ago, Mr. McAlpine said: “The great number 
of newcomers, their freedom from prejudice, 
and their willingness to listen to our message 
all make the work in Kobe most urgent and 
important. These opportunities will become 
increasingly numerous and make each of our 
workers strive to do the work of two.” 


KOBE PRESBYTERIAN THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL. 

For reasons that seemed good to the Japan 
Mission, and with the approval of the Execu¬ 
tive Committee of Foreign Missions, it was 
Organization determined to establish a Presbyterian Theo¬ 
logical School. Kobe was selected as the best 
location and the school was opened in 1907 
with three regular teachers and six pupils. 
Kev. S. P. Fulton, D.D., who had been for 
five years doing a large work in the Union 
Theological Seminary at Tokyo, was put in 
charge of the Kobe seminary. The work was 
begun in a rented building. The number of 


/ 


Japan. 105 

students increased during the first year so 
that at the end of the term there were about 
seventeen in attendance. During the year 1909 
a very admirably located piece of property in 
the western part of the city was bought on 
which there was erected a well-planned and 
well-built dormitory. Nearly all the money 
for this building was either given or advanced 
by the missionaries. This new Kobe Theologi¬ 
cal School building was formally dedicated 
September 23, 1909. It was an occasion of 
great joy to the missionaries, the students and 
the Japanese Christians in the city. There has 
been recently erected a residence for one of 
the Japanese teachers. The buildings occupy 
a site commanding a fine view of the city and 
the bay, and the property has increased in 
value since the purchase was made. It is a 
matter of regret that a larger plot of ground 
could not be secured to provide for future en¬ 
largement that may be reasonably expected. 

The faculty of this school for 1910 consists Faculty and 
of Rev. S. P. Fulton, Rev. H. W. Myers, Rev. Students 
Walter McS. Buchanan, together with three 
Japanese professors, pastors of churches in 
the city of Kobe. The spirit of this school is 
intensely evangelistic. The institution is 
already making a contribution to the Church 
of Christ in Japan of men sound in faith, well 
trained mentally, and with experience in prac¬ 
tical work of the church. 


106 


In Four Continents. 


Description 


Station 

Opened 


TOKUSHIMA. 

In 1889 the force in the Japan Mission had 
sufficiently increased and the work advanced 
to a point which justified the opening of a 
new station. Tokushima, a city of some 60,- 
000 population, in the Province of Awa, on 
the Island of Shikoku, was selected. This im¬ 
portant city is situated at the mouth of the 
Yoshino Kiver, which waters a great and fer¬ 
tile valley of triangular shape with its base 
toward the sea, and extending about fifty miles 
into the interior to the town of Ikeda, at the 
small point of the triangle. This province 
is noted for its wealth. Our first missionaries 
at Tokushima were Kev. and Mrs. C. G. Brown, 
whose principal work was teaching in a gov¬ 
ernment school. The work was begun in the 
city with excellent prospects, especially among 
women. A small school for boys was main¬ 
tained for several years. Sickness in the family 
of Mr. Brown compelled him to return to Amer¬ 
ica, and in 1891 Bev. and Mrs. H. B. Price 
were transferred from Kochi. From the time 
of the arrival of Mr. Price to 1896 there were 
a number of changes and additions to the mis¬ 
sionary force at this station. The work had 
a good beginning but on account of sickness, 
changes among the missionaries, and the strong 
opposition of the Buddhists, progress was hin¬ 
dered. Some of the most riotous services ever 
seen in Japan occurred in Tokushima during 


Japan. 


107 


a series of meetings in 1891, but the days of 
violent opposition have passed, and it is now 
one of the most encouraging fields in our Japan 
Mission. A church building that had been 
erected in former years was burned in 1905. Church 
During the rebuilding of the church a deep Burned 
spirit of prayer took possession of all the 
workers, foreign and Japanese. For weeks 
prayer meetings were held daily. Following 
the church dedication many souls were brought 
to the Saviour; the work spread to the outsta- 
tions and in a comparatively short time there 
were some fifty additions to the church in the 
district. The work at Tokushima consists of 
a fully organized Japanese church, with a 
native pastor. The missionaries at this sta¬ 
tion, under the general leadership of Rev. Chas. 

A. Logan, are active in the city and around 
it. Happy is the visitor to the Tokushima field 
who, with a missionary companion, travels by 
rail and jinrikisha from Tokushima to Ikeda, 
and then along the indescribably beautiful Yo- 
shino River, southward to Kochi. Here and Encourage- 
there, in a home or factory, will be found a ments 
devout Christian who rejoices to see the mis¬ 
sionary. In Ikeda and other towns there are 
groups of earnest, prayerful Christians. It is 
impossible, with the present force of mission¬ 
aries in this district to answer the calls for 
preaching the gospel. The work of our women 
missionaries at this station has been especially 


108 


In Four Continents. 


successful among the women and in the organi¬ 
zation and conduct of Sunday schools. 


TAKAMATSU. 

Takamatsu is the most important city in 
the province of Sanuki on the Island of Shi¬ 
koku, about fifty miles to the west of Toku¬ 
shima. It is beautifully located on the Inland 
Importance Sea of Japan, about six hours voyage from 
Kobe. The population is about 40,000. There 
are a number of handsome public buildings 
in the city. The chief products of the sur¬ 
rounding country are salt, rice and sugar. 
Takamatsu has a railway connection with the 
eastern part of the province, making accessible 
for missionary work a number of small towns, 
including the town near which is located one 
of the great temples of Japan, visited, accord¬ 
ing to the Japan Year Book, by 700,000 pil¬ 
grims each year. If anyone thinks for a mo¬ 
ment that Japan is evangelized, a day at Kota- 
Kotahira hira will suffice to dispel the illusion. Not 
only do the people worship at the shrines, but 
living horses are objects of worship, and a 
bronze horse, near the summit of the moun¬ 
tain, reached by a stone stairway of eight hun¬ 
dred and fifty-two steps, is an object of wor¬ 
ship to which offerings of rice and money are 
made by multiplied thousands of devotees. 
Though work had been carried on for several 


Japan. 


109 


years by a native evangelist, Takamatsu did 
not become a separate station until 1893, when 
Rev. and Mrs. H. T. Graham were sent to the Opening 
city from Tokushima. At that time there were 
about thirty believers. A good beginning was 
made, but in 1896 Mr. and Mrs. Graham, on 
account of ill health, were compelled to re¬ 
turn to America, and from that time until 
1898 there was no resident missionary, the 
work being looked after by missionaries from 
Kobe. Rev. Wm. 0. Buchanan and his brother, 

Rev. Walter McS. Buchanan, were assigned to 
this field some years ago. Through their 
earnest and sympathetic effort the Christians 
took heart. The Sunday school and church 
services and all the evangelistic meetings im¬ 
proved. In the country districts, where the 
work from the beginning was considered more 
than ordinarily difficult, there was a great gain. 

As the central congregation increased a desire 
for a new and better church building arose, 
which resulted in the erection of a very con¬ 
venient and attractive church. The transfer 
of Mr. Wm. Buchanan, and later Mr. W. McS. 
Buchanan to the Kobe Theological Seminary, 
left Mr. and Mrs. S. M. Erickson as the only 
missionaries in Takamatsu. While the work 
was hard and the life somewhat lonely, con¬ 
stant progress has been made. Recently Rev. Resu j ts 
and Mrs. A. P. Hassell have been located at 
this station. While a great and wide field 


110 


In Four Continents. 


Station 

Opened 


is still unoccupied, both in and surrounding 
the city, there has been a tremendous impres¬ 
sion made upon the community. The business 
people and the newspapers treat the mission¬ 
aries with courtesy and kindness. 

SUSAKI. 

Susaki, situated on an arm of the sea on the 
southeast coast of Shikoku, is a town of some 
15,000 inhabitants. Next to Kochi it is the 
chief seaport town in the Province of Tosa. It 
has a small, very picturesque land-locked 
harbor. Susaki was opened as a station of our 
Japan Mission in 1898. In the spring of this 
year, Rev. J. W. Moore and family removed to 
this place and began work at once. The reports 
from the station in the years immediately fol¬ 
lowing its opening speak of the readiness of 
the people to receive the missionaries. Mr. 
Moore was at that time, as he has always been, 
very active in the villages and towns in the 
Susaki field. The missionaries were kindly 
treated, but the confessions of Christ were few. 
In the report for 1898 Mr. Moore said: “Early 
in September the native evangelist left Susaki 
for Nagoya, and I am left to hold the fort alone. 
Though it is at times hard, I enjoy the effort, 
for this is what I came for. The meetings, 
probably a rebuke to my faith, have steadily 
increased and the order improved.” The story 


Japan. 


Ill 


of the work at this station is not unlike that 
in nearly all mission stations. The mission¬ 
aries come and go in the necessary changes that 
occur on the mission field. At Susaki, however, 

Mr. and Mrs. Moore have been the only mission¬ 
aries for a large portion of the time. Miss Sala 
Evans was, for a time, located at Susaki, and 
assisted in the work by conducting meetings for 
children, visits to the hospital and homes of the 
poor. The invested work of the years has 
yielded good returns. There is now in Susaki 
a company of earnest Christians, with a well- 
organized church. Mr. Moore is known 
throughout all the province, for he has pene¬ 
trated to the most distant parts, riding on his 
bicycle or going afoot, as the necessities of the 
case might require. The church at Susaki is Susaki 
prosperous, and the work in the field is hopeful. Fleld 
The Susaki field, broadly speaking, covers the 
entire Kochi Ken of Tosa Province. The west¬ 
ern part of the province, west of the Niodo 
Eiver, has a population, as nearly as can be 
ascertained, of 265,000. Mr. Moore is the only 
missionary among this large population, and 
this does not include his entire field. Writing 
of his field in the fall of 1909, Mr. Moore said: 

“This is, first and foremost, a Southern Pres¬ 
byterian field. If we hope to reap the fruits 
of twenty-odd years of hard work, we must get 
men to do it without unnecessary delay. The 
hopeful signs in this field are several. The 


112 


In Four Continents. 


people in Tosa Province are among the most 
liberal-minded in Japan. They have a good 
deal of curiosity about many things that have 
nothing to do with Christianity, and it cannot 
be said that they are of an exceedingly devout 
disposition, but they are willing to listen to 
what we have to say. The attitude of the edu¬ 
cated class is a hopeful sign.” 


THE UNITED CHURCH OF CHRIST IN JAPAN 

As the missions of the different Presbyterian 
bodies extended their work and the number 
of members in the Presbyterian Church in- 
Presbyterian* creased a desire that all the Presbyterians of 
Um°n Japan should be united in one organization 

developed. In 1887 a great forward step was 
taken in the organization of the Nihon Kiristo 
Kyokwai—the United Church of Christ in 
Japan. This organization includes all the 
churches established by the missions of the 
Presbyterian churches, North and South, of 
the United States, the United Presbyterian of 
Scotland, the Cumberland Presbyterian, and 
the Dutch and German Reformed Churches. 
This union of the Presbyterian bodies is now 
the strongest Protestant church in Japan. 












































































































































































114 


In Four Continents, 


KOREA OPEN. 

A visit to Korea is a tonic to faith. Nowhere else 
in the world today is there a more marked illustration 
of the preparation of the soil by the Holy Spirit, the 
inherent vitality of the truth, the joy of the believer in 
Christ, and the „value of personal work for souls. 
Many a time, as I studied the movement, it seemed to 
me that the Son of Man was again walking upon 
earth and calling to men: “Follow me;” and that 
again men were “straightway” leaving all and fol¬ 
lowing Him. As I sat in the humble chapels and 
communed with those believers, I could see how the 
Gospel had enlightened their hearts and how their 
once joyless lives now centered in the Church of God, 
which gave them their only light and peace. All Korea 
is open to the Word of the Living God. It is for us 
to use aright the wonderful opportunity.— Rev. 
Arthur J. Brown, D.D. 


































































*• 

















































































































































































































Korean Elder, Wife and Child 
























V. 


KOREA. 

In the old days of studying geography, in 
giving the boundary of Korea we would say: 

“Korea is bounded on the north by Manchuria; 
on the east by the Sea of Japan; on the west by 
the Yellow Sea, and on the south by the China 
Sea.” Dr. Gale, in his book, “Korea in Transi¬ 
tion,” says: “A journey straight south from 
Korea would carry you past the east side of Boundary 
the Philippines, between New Guinea and the 
Celebes, and through west central Australia. 

North, would take you over Siberia through the 
mouth of the Lena into the Arctic Ocean. 

Due west, you would see Peking, Kabul, Tehe¬ 
ran, Constantinople, Rome, New York, and San 
Francisco. An elevator shaft sunk right 
through the Northern Hemisphere would come 
out in the Atlantic Ocean, distant one hour of 
sun from New York.” The size of Korea is 
given in round numbers as being 600 miles from 
north to south, and an average width of 135 
miles from east to west. The area, about 
80,000 square miles, is twice the size of the 
State of Kentucky, and about equal in extent to 

115 


116 


In Four Continents. 


Kansas. The name, “Korea,” is one of foreign 
origin, coming from China centuries ago. It 
is one of the many names applied to the coun¬ 
try. “Chosen,” meaning “Land of the Morning 
Calm,” the name by which Korea was known 
when missionaries first entered, is the official 
name adopted by Japan since the annexation. 

The country is divided into thirteen prov¬ 
inces—a division that was made about eleven 
years ago. The provinces are in size much like 
the average county in the States. The popula¬ 
tion of Korea is usually stated to be 12,000,000. 
Dr. Gale tells of an old man whose prayer is, 
“God bless our twenty millions of a family.” 
Probably the most reliable authority as to the 
Population population is the Japan Year Book for 1907, 
which suggests 14,000,000 as the probable popu¬ 
lation of the country. 

Korea is a picturesque country. We are 
often told of the barren appearance of the land 
as the traveler approaches from sea, which in 
the winter season is true, but at other seasons, 
even the denuded mountains covered with the 
green of the pine shrub lose all trace of severity. 
A range of mountains extends entirely through 
the country from the north to the south. In 
the northern and middle section the main 
range is nearer the eastern coast. In the 
extreme southern section the range divides, 
the shorter section keeping near the east¬ 
ern coast, and the longer extending through the 


Korea. 


117 


middle of the country to the southern coast 
line. The mountains of Korea are not snow- The 
capped. The elevation of many of the higher M° untams 
mountains does not exceed twenty-five hundred 
feet. From the main range hills spring up in 
every direction. “Over the mountains, moun¬ 
tains still, mountains without number,” is one 
of the sayings of the people. Traveling through 
the interior of Korea one is never out of sight 
of a mountain range or the diverging lesser 
hills. Innumerable fields of rice in the valleys, 
beautiful views from the low passes, scores of 
villages in almost every direction, engage the 
attention of the traveler. 

THE PEOPLE. 

The character of the people is formed, in no 
small degree, by the family life, and the family 
life is the result of the position given to women. 

The husband is the head of the house, the mas¬ 
ter of the family. The woman is not considered 
as having any legal or moral existence. She Family Life 
has no name. As a child, she receives a sur¬ 
name, by which she is known in the family to 
which she belongs. After she becomes a 
maiden her name is not mentioned except by 
her parents, being known to all others as the 
daughter or sister of the family. As a married 
woman she is without a name. Her parents 
know her by the name of the place where she 


118 


In Four Continents. 


Condition of 
Women 


Marriage 


resided previous to marriage. If she becomes 
the mother of male children she is known only 
as their mother. In one instance is she given 
a name, and that is when she is brought before 
the magistrate for trial, and then she receives a 
name for legal identification which is known 
only while the charges made are being investi¬ 
gated. The above applies to the middle-class 
women. Below the middle class the women are 
doomed to hard labor and the most menial ser 
vice. They carry the heavy burdens to market on 
their backs, and drudgery of every kind is their 
common occupation. The only relief in this 
burdensome life is that they are given a certain 
form of recognition. A woman is always ad¬ 
dressed in a respectful and sometimes honorific 
language, from the humblest classes up. Not 
even an officer of the law can invade their 
homes. A man of high position cannot be 
arrested for a crime in his wife’s apartment, 
except in cases of rebellion, in which case his 
family are regarded as his accomplices. The 
women of the better classes never appear in 
public, and live and die in seclusion. A Korean 
gentleman seldom holds conversation with his 
wife. At the age of about ten years the boys 
and girls are separated and the boys taught 
that it is a disgrace to enter the female apart¬ 
ments of the house. 

Marriage is a very important event. The 
arrangements are made by contract, as in 


Korea. 


119 


China, and the bride is taken away from her 
home. A traveler through Korea not infre¬ 
quently hears the cries and moaning of a bride 
being taken in a sedan chair, on which is spread 
a tiger skin, as she is being carried from her 
mother’s home to the home of the bridegroom. 
After making some allowance for the custom of 
wailing, and that it is the thing that is expected 
of the bride, there remains an element of great 
sorrow. A young man is considered of very 
little account until he takes a wife. Whatever 
his age, he is regarded as a mere boy. Even a 
bachelor of mature years cannot take part in 
social reunions or say anything on important 
occasions. The badge of the unmarried man is 
the style of wearing the hair. It is parted in 
the middle, braided, and allowed to hang down 
the back, and he goes bareheaded. It is often 
difficult for a stranger traveling through Korea 
to distinguish between a boy and a girl. After 
the marriage contract is made, and just before 
the ceremony, the young man changes the style 
of his hair, putting it up in the well-known top- 
knot. Whatever may be his age, twelve or 
twenty, then, and not until then, he becomes a 
man. In the Korean they say, “He takes the 
hat,” which is made of horsehair, and wears it 
constantly—in the home, in church, everywhere 
the married Korean considers the hat on his 
head an absolute necessity. There are other 
interesting customs in connection with the mar- 


The Korean 
and His Hat 


120 


In Four Continents. 


riage ceremony. The contracts are made by 
the parents through the middlemen. 

Government It has been about three centuries since the 
Koreans really had their own government. 
During all the years since she has been the sub¬ 
ject, or dependency, of some surrounding 
nation. At Seoul the road across the mountain 
and the location of the gate through which the 
Chinese Embassy came and entered the city is 
still shown, and Korea was expected to send 
embassies to China and pay tribute. Japan 
and Korea have oftentimes been at war. At 
last it became a question as to whether Russia 
or Japan should control, and hence followed 
the recent war, with the victory in favor of 
Japan, and the annexation of “Chosen.” 

RELIGIONS. 

Religion Korea is a country almost devoid of religion. 

One looks in vain for the great temples found in 
Japan, China, India, and other countries. 
There are no priests or sacred animals, no 
incense sticks burning before pictures—in fact, 
none of the ordinary signs of religion. The 
religion of Korea is such that it may be called, 
as said by Dr. Gale, “A mixing of ancestor 
worship with Buddhism, Taoism, spirit cult, 
divination, magic, geomancy, astrology, and 
fetishism. Dragons play a part; devils (kwi- 
shin) or nature gods are abundant; tagobi 
(elfs, imps, goblins) are legion and are up to 


Korea. 


121 


all sorts of pranks and capers; spirits of dead 
humanity are here and there present; eternal 
shades walk about; there are personalities in 
hills, trees, and rivers, in diseases, under the 
ground and in the upper air, some few minis¬ 
tering to mortal needs, but most of them ma¬ 
lignant in their disposition, bearing woe and 
terror to the sons of men. So easily are they 
offended and so whimsical in their make-up 
and difficult to please, that the spirit world is 
little better than Hades let out of school, with 
all mortals at their mercy.” 

Those who know the religious life of Korea 
best state that ancestor worship holds the chief 
place. This is the Korean’s “gateway to the 
happy land of prosperity and success. To neg¬ 
lect it blocks the whole highway toward life 
and hope.” 

But the day of awakening has come in the The 
Hermit Kingdom and the gospel of Jesus Awakcmn s 
Christ. Along with the breaking down of old 
customs by the entrance of other nations and 
the control of Japan, grave problems present 
themselves. What shall take the place of an¬ 
cestor worship? What shall occupy the minds 
of the people who have located all kinds of 
spirits in spirit trees and other places? We 
would ask, with Bev. Jas. S. Gale: “Has the 
gospel anything to offer at such a time as 
this ? When the old paternal system has given 
way and the domestic life and government are 


122 


In Four Continents. 


at sea, it comes in tone of matchless simplicity 
and says, ‘Our Father, who art in heaven, thy 
kingdom come. . . .’ Where is freedom to 
he found, freedom from past bondage, from 
present bondage, from the bondage of self, from 
custom, from fear, from superstition ? The 
heart of the nation these days goes out in 
longing for freedom. ‘Ye shall know the truth, 
and the truth shall make you free.’ Korea’s 
ancient civilization appears to be a planned 
opening of the way for receiving the gospel 
at the present day; and the reader will doubt¬ 
less be able to see through its bondage a 
groundwork for present hope.” 

Korea was indeed a hermit kingdom and 
stood out against the entrance of foreigners 
after surrounding nations had entered into 
treaties and given official recognition to rep¬ 
resentatives from other nations. Up to 1880 
sign-posts were marked, “If you meet a for¬ 
eigner, kill him; he who has friendly relations 
with him is a traitor to his country.” Strange 
ideas were held regarding other countries. 
China was thought to be the center of the flat 
world, and Korea was on the east side of it. 
All the people outside of Korea were regarded 
as barbarians. Even a Chinese envoy who 
came with messages from that great empire 
was bidden to “depart in peace.” Rev. Jas. 
S. Gale, than whom no one is more familiar 
with the early conditions of Korea, says: “Sud 


Korea. 


123 


denly the command was issued from some¬ 
where, ‘Open wide the gates,’ and lo, in stepped 
the missionary. The doors had remained fast 
closed till he was ready, but now the hour had 
come. From that day on the missionary has 
been the representative Westerner, not the 
merchantman nor the official, but the mission¬ 
ary, the moksa, pacing the length and breadth 
of the land, in the far north, down south, all 
the way from Seoul to Fusan, to Wiju, gazed 
at by wondering multitudes.” 

In 1876 Japan, after unsuccessful efforts by 
the United States and France, succeeded in 
making a treaty. It was not until six years 
later that a satisfactory treaty was made with 
the United States. Rijutei, a Korean, was sent 
to represent his government in Japan. Soon 
after reaching the country some Christian 
books fell into his hands. He read them with 
eager interest and was introduced to one of 
the American missionaries, from whom he re¬ 
ceived instruction. He accepted Christianity 
and was baptized. Rijutei immediately be¬ 
gan to prepare a Bible which his countrymen 
could read, and begged that missionaries might 
be sent to Korea, and Dr. H. N. Allen, then 
living in China, went in 1884. The American 
Minister appointed him physician to the lega¬ 
tion, which insured his safety. Soon after his 
arrival a number of Koreans were wounded in 
a political outbreak, among them a nephew of 


The Gates 
Opened 


Dr. Allen 


124 


In Four Continents. 


First Results 


The Mission 
Opened 


the king. He and several others recovered 
from their wounds under Dr. Allen’s care. His 
skill gained him the favor of the king and 
his court, and opened the way for Protestant 
missions. The first ordained missionary ar¬ 
rived in Korea in the spring of 1885; the first 
convert was baptized in July, 1886; the first 
church organized (Presbyterian) in the fall 
of 1887, and before the close of 1888, the bap¬ 
tized converts of the two missions, Presby¬ 
terian and Methodist, numbered over 100. 

The sending of the first missionaries of the 
Presbyterian Church, U. S. (Southern), was 
one of the results of the meeting of the Inter- 
Seminary Alliance in Nashville, in 1891. “Rev. 
Horace G. Underwood, D.D., of the Northern 
Presbyterian mission in Korea, was present, 
and by his magnetic influence, and burning 
appeal for Korea led a band of students in 
attendance from Union Seminary, Virginia, to 
ask for appointment to this new field. Their 
tender of missionary service had already been 
accepted by the Executive Committee. 

“In the following September (1892) Kev. and 
Mrs. W. D. Reynolds, Jr., Rev. and Mrs. W. 
M. Junkin, and Miss Linnie Davis, all of Vir¬ 
ginia, and Rev. L. B. Tate and his sister, Miss 
Mattie Tate, of Missouri, went out to estab¬ 
lish a mission in Korea, which had only been 
opened to the gospel some six or eight years. 

“The breaking out of hostilities between 


Korea. 


125 


China and Japan, with northern Korea as the 
theater of the war, detained the missionaries 
in Seoul until 1895, when by advice of the 
Council of Presbyterian missions laboring in 
Korea, they moved into the fine southwestern 
Province of Chulla.” Our work in this splen¬ 
did field is conducted from four central sta- Our Field 
tions, opened as follows: Kunsan, the first sta¬ 
tion, 1896; Chunju, 1896; Mokpo, 1897; and 
Kwangju, 1898. 

The sketches of the work at the stations will 
be given in the order the field was visited by 
the writer in 1909. Coming from Japan 
through the Inland Sea the traveler crosses the 
Korean Strait, passes around the southern end 
of the peninsula through the Korean archi¬ 
pelago and lands at Mokpo. 

MOKPO. 

Mokpo, declared a treaty port October 1, 

1897, nestles at the foot of a mountain of rock 
between the river and the sea, near the south¬ 
west corner of the peninsula. Its chief fea¬ 
tures are the Japanese settlement, two comfort¬ 
able mission residences, a good native church, 
picturesque islands, a fine, deep harbor, and 
frequent steamers. Along the harbor is the 
Japanese settlement which is, in itself, a con¬ 
siderable city. The Korean section of the town 
is inland about a mile from the harbor. The 
difference between the Japanese part of the 


126 


In Four Continents. 


town, which is neatly built and kept clean, 
according to Japanese custom, and the Korean 
town, with its straw covered houses and other 
things Korean, is very marked. Our Mokpo 
station is located in the Korean quarter. There 
are two comfortable missionary residences, a 
The Station native church, built first to accommodate some 
four hundred people, but now enlarged to 
nearly double the former capacity, a small 
building for the medical work, the substan¬ 
tial stone building of the John Watkins Acad¬ 
emy, and a small remodeled Korean building 
for the girls’ school. The mission compound 
is admirably located on an elevation overlook¬ 
ing the bay. The Korean town nestles at the 
base of the Mokpo mountain, a fine view of 
which is had from the mission premises. The 
first work done in Mokpo was in 1898, the date 
on which the city was made a treaty port. Our 
first missionaries were Mr. and Mrs. Eugene 
Bell. 

The evangelistic work at this station is ag¬ 
gressive, and the number of inquirers, cate¬ 
chumens and church members increases with 
every year. The enlarged church building is 
already too small to accommodate the audi¬ 
ences. The prayer meeting at this station, as 
in all the Korean stations, is a place of inspira¬ 
tion, both as to the number that attend and 
the fervency of the native Christians. 

The hospital began with a small clinic. 


Korea. 


127 


After the erection of what is now an inade¬ 
quate building the number of patients in¬ 
creased. Provision was made for surgical oper¬ 
ations, which further advertised and made pos- Medical 
sible the great work of the different physicians Work 
who have been in charge. A plot of ground 
adjoining that originally owned by the mis¬ 
sion has been purchased, which is especially 
suitable for the location of a hospital, and 
with the special fund provided by the Lay¬ 
men’s Missionary Movement it is hoped there 
will soon be at Mokpo a hospital of adequate 
proportions. 

The school work at Mokpo has always been 
very gratifying. The boys’ school was origi¬ 
nally conducted in a Korean house. As in 
other fields, the visitor marvels at what has 
been accomplished in the poor quarters and 
limited appliances at the service of the mis¬ 
sionaries. A few years ago a part of the 
money was provided for the erection of a stone 
building, with good class rooms and appli¬ 
ances for high grade work. The grade of the Schools 
school has been advanced to that of an acad¬ 
emy, and it becomes one of a system of schools 
from which the students will go to a Korean 
college which it is planned to establish at 
Chunju. The girls’ school, which in its begin¬ 
ning had for its teacher a consecrated Korean 
man, all under the direction and appointment 
of the missionaries at the station, has given 


128 


In Four Continents. 


a primary Christian education to a large num¬ 
ber of girls. The removal of this school to the 
building formerly occupied by the boys’ school 
has added to its efficiency. 


THE ISLAND FIELD. 

Mention has been made of the approach to 
the peninsula through the Korean archipelago. 
An unknown number of thousands of people 
have inhabited these islands for centuries with¬ 
out having the opportunity to hear the gospel. 
The island population is estimated at from 
75,000 to 100,000. As the result of the 
work of the Korean Christians who made 
evangelistic tours from the mainland, groups of 
believers were formed on several of the islands. 
Several years ago a committee of the mission 
visited fhis island field and after examination 
it was determined to set apart one of the mis¬ 
sionary men of the station to that particular 
work. Kev. H. D. McCallie, as soon as he had 
made sufficient progress in his language study, 
was put in charge. The story of this island 
work within itself would fill the pages of a 
booklet. After his appointment to this field 
Mr. McCallie was married to Miss Emily Cor¬ 
dell, and now has her valuable assistance. The 
manner of conducting the work is to travel 
by sailboat from island to island, the mission¬ 
aries living on the boat, holding meetings, hav- 


Korea. 


129 


mg conferences for leaders, opening up new 
work, establishing village schools, etc. As a Encouraging 
result some twenty-five or thirty groups of Result8 
believers have been formed, and in a larger 
number villages are occasionally visited by the 
missionary and his native helpers. Every¬ 
where these people cordially welcome the gos¬ 
pel. Farther to the south of the peninsula 
is the island of Quelpart. The inhabitants of 
this island are a very different people from 
the Koreans on the mainland. They are a fisher 
people. The missionary spirit of the Korean 
church expressed itself when, at the ordination 
of the first Korean preachers, the man who 
was considered the best of the seven was ap¬ 
pointed a missionary to this island. He has 
been at work for several years. At this out¬ 
post of Korea, which is practically a foreign 
work, the Koreans are winning their fellow 
Koreans to Christ. 


KWANGJU. 

Kwangju, the capital of South Chulla, is 
a city of about 10,000 inhabitants, and the 
geographical and commercial center of the 
province. A large market is held there, at¬ 
tended by traveling merchants, thus affording 
excellent opportunities to disseminate the gos¬ 
pel. Being a more central point Kwangju has 
been made the principal station of the Mokpo- 
Kwangju field. The point from which 

9 


130 


In Four Continents. 


Location 


Station 

Opened 


Kwangju is most directly accessible is Mokpo. 
The journey is usually taken in a small, un¬ 
comfortable Japanese launch on the River 
Yungpo about twenty-five miles, and from there 
overland about twenty-five miles farther to 
Kwangju. This journey introduces the traveler 
both to the picturesque scenery and the pro¬ 
ductiveness of the Korean valleys. Until within 
the last year or two the road from Yungpo 
to Kwangju was the narrow Korean path¬ 
way over which the coolies carried on their 
backs all materials used for our mission build¬ 
ings, and transported the products of the coun¬ 
try to and from Kwangju. Since Japanese oc¬ 
cupation a new road, over which vehicles can 
travel with ease, has been constructed. 

A better location for a station could scarcely 
be found than at Kwangju. The land owned 
by the mission is situated on a semi-circular 
elevation. The missionary residences extend 
in a line along the hillside, with a favorable 
location for the school buildings and hospital. 
The view from the mission homes overlooks 
the valley of rice fields to the great Kwangju 
mountain, not many miles away. Kwangju 
was opened as a station in 1897. As in all 
our missionary work, and especially Korea, 
it had its foundation in evangelism. At first 
the people were not friendly to the gospel and 
the missionaries and native Christians had 
their times of trial and persecution. The mis- 


Korea. 


131 


sion compound is located at one side of the 
city of Kwangju. The church in the town is 
well located. As in other places, at the time 
of its erection, the building was supposed to 
be adequate for years to come. It has been 
doubled in size recently, and the reports are 
that it will not hold the congregations that 
attend. At the corner of the lot occupied by 
the church building is a book room from which 
a large amount of Christian literature is sent 
out, being sold at a very low price, or dis¬ 
tributed free. The school work is at the mis- Church and 
sion compound. The boys’ school was formerly Schools 
conducted in the gate house of one of the mis¬ 
sion homes. The girls’ school, though small, 
is doing excellent work in a little Korean house. 

With buildings of sufficient size and proper 
equipment the work of both these schools will 
be multiplied many fold. 

The medical work at Kwangju, while it looks 
large when the number of patients treated is 
reported, is almost infinitely small compared to 
what it would be with a hospital building. A 
beautiful plot of ground for the location of a 
building has been secured and it is hoped the 
time is near at hand when the long needed 
hospital building will be provided. 

chunju. 

Chunju, the capital of North Chulla Prov¬ 
ince, is a walled city of, approximately, 25,000 


132 


In Four Continents. 


From 

Kwangju 

Chunju 


inhabitants. Its importance in the eyes of 
the natives is suggested by a common saying 
in the south of the country: “If you can’t 
go to see Seoul, see Chunju.” It lies on the 
eastern edge of one of the largest, most thickly 
populated rice sections in the whole country, 
just at the base of the “Blue Bidge” of the 
province. Every five days a large market, or 
fair, draws hundreds of people in from the 
whole countryside, and affords excellent oppor¬ 
tunities to spread the good news by street 
preaching and tract distribution. In visiting 
our mission stations in Korea the journey was 
made from Mokpo to Kwangju as has been 
stated, and from Kwangju to -Chunju, about 
seventy miles, on horse back. The traveler, 
fortunately taking this trip in company with 
a missionary, stopping on the way on the two 
days’ journey may count it one of the happiest 
of experiences. Low mountain ranges are 
crossed during the day. From the elevations 
there are view^ of the rich rice fields, which, 
in autumn especially, are remarkably beautiful 
scenes. All along the way there are spirit trees, 
piles of rock thrown by the passerby to ap¬ 
pease or frighten the spirit supposed to in¬ 
habit the tree. On the branches will be tied 
bits of cloth or paper, the prayers or offerings 
of Koreans, though they are not for worship 
of the spirit. As suggestive of the hope¬ 
lessness of the home life we pass a wailing 



Chunju in Winter—Korea. 


























































































■ 





















Korea. 


133 


bride as she is conveyed by the chair-bearers 
to the bridegroom that is to be. Over against 
these expressions of heathenism are found the 
heavenly oases in the groups of believers. They 
gather in their simple straw covered build¬ 
ings and, sitting cross-legged on the floor, lis¬ 
ten eagerly to the message as it is given by 
the missionary. Their voices are lifted in song, 
never harmonious, sometimes melodious, always The Happy 
devotional. The Korean friends, after the mis- chnstlans 
sionary and his companion have mounted their 
ponies, gather around and sing as a farewell 
song, “Blest Be the Tie that Binds/’ and we 
ride away to another village. This is but a 
glimpse of the life of the missionary. 

The mission at Chunju, as at Kwangju, is 
“beautiful for situation.” The houses are 
located on hills separated from the city by 
a narrow stream. The church is in the city. The Station 
Here again are evidences of the growth of the Bulldin g s 
work and expressions of the readiness of the 
people to receive the gospel when they hear 
it. The large church, as in all Korean churches, 
is divided by a cloth, or other partition, so 
that at the services the women are separated 
from the men. The pulpit is located so the 
preacher can see the audiences on both sides 
of the curtain. The room is crowded at the 
regular services, including that for preaching 
and Sunday school. A full house is not an 
unusual attendance at the mid-week prayer 


134 


In Four Continents. 


Schools 


meeting. Enlargement was also necessary in 
this church and again we have reports that 
the crowds fill the larger structure. A new 
work was opened at the South Gate, which 
will soon develop into another center and a 
good church. 

The educational activities at Chunju consist 
of a splendid boys’ school. The boys in these 
Korean schools are as fine a lot of youth as 
may be found anywhere. Considering the com 
ditions of life from which they come, and in 
which they now live, the visitor wonders at 
their mental capacity and quality of charac¬ 
ter. In all the Korean schools the Bible is 
taught and Christianity is expounded, not as 
a mere doctrine, but as a truth to be received, 
believed and confessed by the pupils. For 
years the boys’ school has struggled along with 
badly located and inferior surroundings in the 
town. The new school building which is now 
approaching completion will remedy the un¬ 
happy conditions under which the work has 
hitherto been done. 

The girls’ school had its beginning in un¬ 
congenial surroundings but was later trans¬ 
ferred to a neat, but very small, room. Under 
these conditions excellent results attended the 
instruction given by the missionary teachers 
and the Korean assistants. Recently through 
the contribution of a friend a splendid girls’ 
school building has been erected. Conveniently 


Korea. 


135 


near, as well as beautifully situated, is the 
single women’s home of the station. With 
the large building and the ability to accom¬ 
modate boarders, as well as day scholars, the 
Chunju girls’ school will make an advance step 
that will be felt all through the mission. 

From the early days of our work in Korea 
the importance of the medical work has been 
appreciated by those on the field, but not by 
the church at home. At Chunju there is what 
is called a hospital building, but it is little 
more than a room for clinics. In and out of 
this place a multitude of patients have passed 
with their physical distresses relieved to “go 
home to their friends and tell them what great 
things the Lord hath done” for them. Here 
in the early days Miss Mattie Ingold, M.D., 
now Mrs. Tate, did heroic service. 


KUNSAN. 

Kunsan, our first Korea Mission station, was 
opened in 1896. It is picturesquely located 
near the mouth of the Changpo River, which 
here forms the boundary line between Chun- 
Cheng and Chulla provinces, about one hun¬ 
dred and fifty miles south of Chemulpo. Being 
the only natural outlet for the products of 
a large section of thickly populated country. 
The Japanese and Korean towns are steadily 
growing. 


Medical 

Work 


136 


In Four Continents. 


The Four 
Stations 


First Work in 
Kunsan 


We began our study of the Korean Mis¬ 
sion at Mokpo on the sea in the southwest, 
traveled across the country fifty miles in a 
generally western direction to Kwangju, and 
from thence northward over seventy miles to 
Chunju. From Chunju we now journey about 
thirty miles in a northwesterly direction to 
Kunsan. It will thus be seen that the sta¬ 
tions we have opened are located at the cor¬ 
ners of an irregular parallelogram. Kunsan, 
though not directly located on the sea, is easily 
approached by coastline vessels up the Chang- 
po River, about ten miles from its mouth. As 
in other of the larger cities of Korea there 
are the Japanese and Korean sections of the 
city. In the earlier days our missionaries 
lived and worked in the town of Kunsan. 
Later it was decided to locate the mission sta¬ 
tion on a hill at the foot of which is the vil¬ 
lage of Kunmal, something over a mile in 
a straight line from the city of Kunsan. The 
view from this hill is very beautiful. All our 
mission stations are so delightfully situated 
that the members of each station usually con¬ 
sider their own the most beautiful. Mokpo 
will boast of the combination of mountain, 
water, and islands; Kwangju of the semi-cir¬ 
cular hillside, with the mountains and valleys 
beyond; Chunju, with its line of elevations 
dotted with the mission homes, school build¬ 
ings, etc., the stream flowing near the base of 


Korea. 


137 


the circular hill, separating it from the city, 
the city itself, and beyond it the rising moun¬ 
tains in the distance; Kunsan will point across 
the rice fields to a view of the city, the out¬ 
spreading bay, the vista beyond, and the low 
range of mountains inland. The truth is all 
are delightfully situated and we bear testi¬ 
mony to the wisdom of the missionaries in the 
selection of the locations. 

A twofold work is conducted in the Kunsan 
station. In the city there is an organized 
church in charge of one of the missionaries. 

Kecently this work has been greatly blessed 
with a splendid growth of interest and addi¬ 
tions to the membership. A clinic has also 
been conducted in Kunsan. The work at the 
station, Kunmal, includes the village church, Kunsan and 
with its Sunday school, prayer meeting, etc. Kunmal 
The membership includes not only those who 
live in the village, but others who come from 
nearby villages. At all the points where 
groups of believers are gathered in Korea there 
is, if the people can possibly sustain it, a 
village school. The village school building at 
Kunmal, as is the custom in all the villages, 
was erected by the Korean Christians. The 
station schools consist of one for boys and 
another for girls. At Kunsan it is the old 
story of inadequate room, poor facilities, with 
an excellent work done which lays the founda¬ 
tion for larger things. The boys’ school oc- 


138 


In Four Continents. 


Field 

Assigned 


cupies a small building and has turned out 
a number of excellent students. The girls’ 
school, conducted in a small Korean house, is 
soon to have a good school building. 

Our hospital at Kunsan, the Frances Bridges 
Memorial, has become the center of a very ex¬ 
tensive medical work. The patients, as at 
other places, come from distances near and far. 
The missionaries in their itinerating have often 
had a cordial welcome to a village, in which 
they would have been unwelcome but for the 
relief some sufferer had found in the “Jesus 
hospital.” A conical hill at the side of the 
station has been long the desire of the mission¬ 
aries as the site for the new hospital. It be¬ 
ing a grave site, owned by a wealthy Korean, 
it was very difficult to purchase the property. 
[Recently the owner of the grave site consented 
to sell the property, and on the location will 
be erected a building, in time, which will 
greatly increase the opportunities of the med¬ 
ical work at the Kunsan station. 


ITINERATING. 

Missionaries in Korea devote a large part of 
their time to itinerating work. From the sta¬ 
tions, spreading out in great triangles with the 
apex at the station, the field is divided up into 
districts to each of which a missionary is as¬ 
signed. The missionary in charge of the 


Korea. 


139 


assigned territory lias under his direction a 
number of Korean evangelists at appointed 
places. He goes over the field as often during 
the year as his work will permit. These evan- itinerating 
gelistic tours sometimes occupy consecutive Work 
weeks of time. The missionary preaches the 
gospel, holds conferences with his evangelists 
and church leaders, examines candidates and 
baptizes such as are to be received into the 
church. The territory included in our Korean 
Mission is not fully covered by this kind of 
supervision. The field is too large for the pres¬ 
ent force of missionaries. At as early a day as 
possible the Korean Mission contemplates the 
opening of an additional new station. When 
this is accomplished, the five stations, with an 
adequate number of missionaries, with the co¬ 
operation of the Korean evangelists, the section 
of Korea assigned to our Church may be quickly 
evangelized. 

The missionary women of the Korean Mis- jyj— onary 
sion, owing to the condition of woman in the Women 
family, find large opportunity for service. In 
addition to being teachers and workers at the 
local stations, they go to the outstations with 
their Korean Bible helpers on extended trips. 
Meetings are held with the native women, in¬ 
struction given in the use of the Bible, homes 
visited, and, in every possible way, effort is 
made to bring the gospel into the family life. 

In the Korean Mission policy of all the de- 


140 


In Four Continents. 


The nominations prominence is given to conferences 

Conferences w ith the workers at the stations. The mission¬ 
ary of a certain district calls together his lead¬ 
ers and goes over the field witji them, discussing 
difficulties, answering questions, instructing 
them, etc. The annual Bible conferences for 
men and women are seasons of great blessing. 
Not only are men taught the Scriptures in these 
conferences, but the influence of the meeting 
lead to the consecration of life. In the marvel¬ 
ous movement of the year 1910, in which all the 
Christians, native and foreign, in Korea, are 
uniting in special petition and effort for the 
conversion of a million souls, the men and 
women, unable to give much in the way of 
money, li€ve volunteered to give generous por¬ 
tions of time to the preaching of the gospel. 


THE KOREAN CHURCH. 

In the study of the Korean church one is im¬ 
pressed with the five characteristics that mark 
the Korean Christian. First, he is a man of 
prayer. After the conversion of a Korean he 
seems to take the promises regarding prayer 
without hesitation. He complies cheerfully 
with the requirement, or rather regards it as 
a privilege, if a married man, to hold family 
prayer regularly. There seems to be no cir¬ 
cumstance in life, however trivial or great, 
when he does not seem to literally believe God 


Korea. 


141 


when he says, “Call, and I will answer.” The 
second characteristic of the Korean Christian The Korean 
is his love for, and study of, the Word of God. Church 
In passing through Korea one will see the 
Korean in his garb of white, with a packet car¬ 
ried in his hand or suspended from his 
shoulder, in which is a copy of portions of 
the Word of God and his hymn-book. One of 
the most important features of the work in 
Korea is the local, district, and general Bible 
conferences as may be arranged by the mis¬ 
sionaries. The Koreans come long distances 
under the most trying circumstances, and at 
great sacrifice, to attend these conferences, ex¬ 
tending from ten days to a month. The same 
kinds of conferences are held for women. The 
seed is the Word of God and the seed is be¬ 
ing sown in Korea, not by the missionaries 
alone, but by the native Christians. The third 
notable feature of the Korean Christian is the 
spirit of self-support. The evangelist in the 
village is usually paid by the local Christians. 

The teacher in the village school is supported 
by the Korean Christians. The house in which 
they worship is paid for by themselves. The 
same is true of the school building. From the 
very beginning of the work in Korea it has 
been one of the cardinal principles of the 
people that the Christians should, as far as 
possible, support their churches. Self-propaga¬ 
tion is a fourth characteristic of the Korean 


142 


In Four Continents. 


Christian. The groups of believers in each vil¬ 
lage seem to feel their responsibility to carry 
the gospel to the next village, and so on. Here 
again is a promise of the speedy evangeliza¬ 
tion of Korea. The fifth characteristic is the 
missionary spirit of the Korean church. Men¬ 
tion has been made of the setting apart of 
one of their first seven ordained ministers as 
a missionary to the island of Quelpart. They 
have also sent a missionary woman and an 
evangelist to this island. They have a mis¬ 
sionary in Manchuria; and even to Russian ter¬ 
ritory, where there are a number of Koreans, 
the Presbyterian Church of Korea sends and 
supports a missionary. These characteristics, 
prayer, study of the Word of God, self-support, 
self-propagation, and the • missionary spirit, 
make the ideal scriptural church? 



144 


In Four Continents. 


AFRICA. 

Africa is a continent of which the wealth is un¬ 
known. We have merely scratched the surface. The 
continent is now divided up among the nations of the 
Old World, and the only portion under the control 
of the black man is Liberia. The most interesting 
thing in Africa is the native himself. I have seen 
him in all conditions, even as a cannibal. I have been 
in their homes in the heart of Africa, and the more I 
study the native African, the more I respect him. 

It was only yesterday that this broad land was 
veiled in mystery, but now the veil has been lifted 
from the continent; one can journey through its vast 
domains and see how God has opened up this country 
to the world. Study Africa, study it and pray for it. 
The Christian world must save Africa; it is God’s 
plan, it is God’s call.— Bishop Habtzell. 





















































































































■ 






' 













f 






















































VI. 

AFRICA. 

“His own missionary life of nearly twenty 
years in Africa had kindled in the heart of Rev. 
J. Leighton Wilson, D.D., an interest in the 
Dark Continent that burned to the last. He 
looked longingly to that distant land, hoping 
year after year that the way would be clear for 
launching a mission there. In the last court of 
the church he attended, he made an earnest ap¬ 
peal for the planting of this mission. He was 
not alone in his wish. The first Assembly, sit¬ 
ting in Augusta, December, 1861, ‘directed the 
longing eyes of the church especially to Africa 
and South America.’ The first Assembly after 
the war, again sitting in Georgia, amid the deso¬ 
lation attending the close of the Civil War, sol¬ 
emnly resolved that the Executive Committee 
direct special ‘attention to Africa, as a field of 
missionary labor peculiarly appropriate to this 
church; and with this view, to secure as prac¬ 
ticable missionaries from among the African 
race on this continent who may bear the gospel 
of the grace of God to the homes of their ances¬ 
tors.’ It was not, however, until twenty-four 
years afterward that definite steps were taken 

10 145 


The 

Assembly 
and Africa 


146 


In Four Continents. 


First 

Missionaries 


toward realizing this purpose. In that year 
two young men, the one white, the other 
colored, were appointed to go forth and open a 
mission in the Congo Free State. The names 
of these young men have long since become 
household words in our land, the one, the gifted 
Samuel N. Lapsley, becoming the Henry Mar- 
tyn of the Southern Presbyterian Church; the 
other, William H. Sheppard, by his heroism and 
humility, winning the esteem of the church.”* 
These men sailed from New York February 
26, 1890, and arrived at the mouth of the Congo 
River in May. They at once set about the ex¬ 
amination of the interior of the country with 
the view to the location of the new mission. 
The first part of the long, dangerous journey 
was a caravan trip of two hundred and fifty 
miles through dense forests from Matadi, fifty 
miles up the river from Boma, to Leopold¬ 
ville. A narrow-gauge railroad now connects 
these places. From this latter place Lapsley 
and Sheppard made the long, slow journey up 
the Congo to the Kassai, the largest tributary 
of the former river. Continuing the voyage up 
the Kassai to the mouth of the Lulua River they 
turned up this stream and finally arrived in 
Luebo, a Belgian trading post at the head of 
navigation some miles from the junction of the 
Lulua. Here on April 18,1891, they opened our 
first station in the Dark Continent. Luebo is 
six degrees south of the equator and about 1,200 


* Rev. D. C. Rankin. 



Africa. 


147 


miles from the west coast. It is situated on an The Journey 
elevated plateau on the north bank of the river, to tlie Intenor 
about a quarter of a mile from the landing, com¬ 
manding a fine view of the valley and the 
wooded hills which stretch away to the south. 

These pioneers had no knowledge of the lan¬ 
guage, and had no means of acquiring it except 
by the slow process of questions and answers. 

The place where the mission now stands was 
an interminable jungle. Amid privations, 
hardships and discouragements these men 
began the clearing away of the jungle. Reg¬ 
ular visits were made to the neighboring Bakete 
village of Kasenga, where the people gathered 
about the missionaries who, as soon as they 
had acquired sufficient knowledge of words, 
began to tell the people of Jesus Christ, and of 
the purpose of the missionaries in making Him 
known to the people. 

After some months of this preliminary work 
it became necessary for Mr. Lapsley to make 
the long and exhausting return trip to the cap¬ 
ital at Boma that he might consult with the 
government authorities regarding the securing 
of land for the mission at Luebo. When he 
reached Matadi, at the end of the wearisome 
march of 250 miles from Leopoldville, he was 
in an exhausted condition. The deadly African Death of 
fever seized him, and in a few days the young Lapsley 
missionary “fell asleep,” and his body was laid 
to rest by the tender hands of missionaries at 


148 


In Four Continents. 


Reinforce¬ 
ments and 
Losses 


Underhill, the name of the mission station at 
one side of the town. This spot will ever be 
sacred to our Presbyterian Church. Mr. Shep¬ 
pard waited long and anxiously for the return 
of his associate worker. At last the steamer 
arrived, but instead of meeting his friend, he 
was greeted with the sad message, “Lapsley is 
dead.” The darkness of the days that followed 
cannot be expressed, but the work was not 
given up. A helper had been secured in the 
person of Rev. D. G. Adamson, who had been a 
member of the English Congo Bololo Mission at 
Leopoldville. Scarcely had the sad news of 
Lapsley’s death reached the home-land when 
four new missionaries were on the way over. 
Dr. and Mrs. D. W. Snyder and Rev. Arthur 
Rowbotham and wife made up the party. With 
the arrival of these missionaries on the field it 
was considered that the mission had been firmly 
established and systematic work was begun. 

Rev. W. H. Sheppard returned to the United 
States on his first furlough in 1893, and might¬ 
ily stirred the church with his account of the 
field and work. When he returned to the 
Congo he took with him his wife, Miss Maria 
Fearing, Miss Lillian Thomas, and H. P. Haw¬ 
kins, all colored missionaries. This added 
greatly to the working force of the mission. In 
1895 Rev. S. P. Yerner, and Jos. E. Phipps 
(colored) joined the mission. In 1896 Rev. 
W. M. Morrison and Mr. J. S. Crowley went to 


Africa. 


149 


the field. In 1897 Miss Sophie Wright went to 
the mission and became the wife of Mr. Crow¬ 
ley. Eev. L. C. Vass arrived in the early part 
of 1899, and Eev. Motte Martin and Eev. H. C. 
Slaymaker sailed in March of 1903. The jour¬ 
ney of these last missionaries recalls the sad 
story of the wrecking of the first “Lapsley” and 
the drowning of Mr. Slaymaker. 

The losses of the mission by death were Mr. 
Lapsley in 1892, at Matadi; Mr. Adamson in 
1893, at Luebo; Mrs. Snyder, at Leopoldville, 
in 1896, and Mr. Slaymaker, drowned at the 
mouth of the Congo, in 1903. Several mis¬ 
sionaries have from time to time reluctantly 
withdrawn from the work on account of failure 
of health and other reasons. 


luebo. 

In Africa the people are divided up into 
many tribes having different languages and 
customs—a condition which must necessarily 
have careful consideration in the founding of 
mission stations. Luebo is so located that it is 
in close proximity to several of the distinct 
tribes. In the early years of the mission the 
work was confined almost entirely to the 
Bakete. One of the villages of this tribe was 
only a short distance from the mission station. 
The Bakete, however, were a hard people and 
gave small response to the gospel. Shortly 


Location 


150 


In Four Continents. 


after the establishment of the mission at Luebo 
crowds of the Baknba and the Bena Lulua 
tribes began to pour in from the east and south 
and form numerous settlements about the mis¬ 
sion and the Belgian trading posts. These two 
tribes, speaking practically the same language, 
were soon discovered to be a remarkable people. 
The missionaries found them intelligent, indus¬ 
trious, and surprisingly responsive to the gos¬ 
pel message. The Holy Spirit had prepared 
the hearts of these people for the message. 
During all the years of the history of the mis¬ 
sion the people of these tribes have been coming 
to Luebo in increased numbers until the popula¬ 
tion now in the vicinity of the mission station 
is estimated at not less than ten thousand. 

Great Blessing They crowd the church to overflowing on Sun¬ 
day, notwithstanding the building has been 
several times enlarged. They send their chil¬ 
dren to the schools. They fill the catechumen 
classes. They do the manual work at the sta¬ 
tion. From them we get our evangelists, and 
they constitute practically the entire mem¬ 
bership of the church at Luebo. Another dis¬ 
tinctive advantage is found in the fact that 
while many of the tribes in Africa are small, 
the Bakuba and Bena Lulua, taken together, as 
far as the missionaries have been able to learn, 
constitute one of the largest tribes in all Cen¬ 
tral Africa. It was discovered that with slight 
dialectic variations, the same language could 


Africa. 


151 


be spoken from Luebo for the distance of a 
thousand miles in the interior. 

There were five years of sowing and watch¬ 
ing and waiting for the harvest before there 
was evidence of genuine converts. In the 
spring of 1895 the missionaries were rejoiced 
one bright Sunday morning in the little mud 
and stick church when seven or eight young 
men and young women, after careful prepara¬ 
tion and instruction, stood up and confessed 
their faith in Jesus Christ as their Saviour and 
were baptized. When the first fruits had been 
gathered it was not long before others came and 
asked for a share in the spiritual blessings, and 
again these were followed by others, and others, The First 
and thus the wonderful ingatherings have gone Frults 
on, increasing wdth the years, and only limited 
by the ability of the missionaries to gather in 
the harvest. So great was the manifest inter¬ 
est among the people that the missionaries were 
fairly overcome. They knew they had to be 
careful on the one hand not to admit into the 
church those who would come ignorantly or 
from improper motives, and on the other hand, 
they must be careful not to hinder the gospel, 
for beyond all question the great movement 
among the people was the result of the mighty 
working of the Holy Spirit on the hearts of a 
great people. In view of the situation, the 
missionaries organized catechumen classes that 
met daily, w T hich all who were desirous of be- 


152 


In Four Continents. 


coming Christians and of leading a new life 
were invited to attend. These catechumen 
classes, the missionaries believe, have been the 
source of the wonderful success of the mission. 
The inquirers are thus brought daily into 
touch with the missionaries, giving them an 
opportunity to carefully observe through a 
period of several months the life of each in- 
quier, and above all, give opportunity for 
systematic instruction in the essentials of the 
Christian life and doctrine. After a reasonable 
length of time allowed for instruction and ob- 
Examinations servation, the inquirers undergo a rigid exam¬ 
ination. If the examination is satisfactory, the 
candidates are baptized and enrolled as mem¬ 
bers of the church. At Luebo communion sea¬ 
sons continue for two months and the exami¬ 
nations and baptisms at these seasons are 
sometimes numbered by hundreds. 

As the work rapidly enlarged, the eyes of the 
workers looked longingly to the dark regions 
beyond, which it was impossible, with the force 
on the field, to reach until the arrival of addi¬ 
tional missionaries, and native teachers and 
evangelists had been trained for the work. The 
reinforcements were: Rev. J. McC. Sieg, in 
1904. Rev. A. L. Edmiston (col.), L. J. Cop- 
pedge, M.D., Rev. A. A. Rochester, and Miss 
Kate A. Taylor (col.). In 1908, Rev. Motte 
Martin and Rev. J. McC. Sieg came to the 
United States on furlough, and returned to the 
Congo a year later with their wives. 


Africa. 


153 


A few choice young men were chosen and 
sent out “two and two” to the villages to hold 
services, organize schools, and instruct in¬ 
quirers. These evangelists go considerable 
distances and perhaps remain, away six months, Extension 
when they are relieved by others and come back 
to Luebo for fresh instruction and inspiration. 

The system of utilizing the native material has 
proved a great blessing. It has resulted in a 
self-propagating native church. 

The most promising young women have also 
been organized into bands by one of the lady 
missionaries, who did a splendid work. It is 
worthy of note that the evangelists while away 
from Luebo are supported entirely by the native 
church, so that the contributions of the home 
church are not drawn upon for this work. At 
the Sunday services collections are taken for 
the support of the native evangelistic work 
and other expenses connected with the church. 

In later years very widely extended tours 
have been made by the missionaries. Space 
forbids the thrilling stories of these long jour¬ 
neys, involving not only hardship and courage, 
but, not infrequently, the jeopardizing of life. 

The result has been that from a large territory 
with an immense population calls for the gos¬ 
pel come to the mission and by the mission are 
transmitted to the church at home. Shall the 
calls be made in vain ? 

The schools at Luebo have grown from a 


154 


In Four Continents. 


Schools 


A Happy 
Contrast 


handful of boys and girls to many hundreds of 
pupils. In these schools are found the old and 
the young, parents and their children. They 
gather in the great tabernacle at the ringing of 
the bell each morning. The missionaries teach 
the more advanced classes and superintend the 
instruction given by native teachers. The 
course of study is not large, but includes prac¬ 
tical branches. Where, eighteen years ago, it 
was a jungle inhabited by a wild and ofttimes 
savage people, these eager pupils of all ages, 
with their slates, paper, pencils, charts, black¬ 
boards and school books, the latter printed 
on the mission press, in the native language, 
are daily seen earnestly engaged in the 
acquisition of knowledge—Christian Knowl¬ 
edge—which in time will be communicated by 
them to their own people, and hasten the day 
when the now Dark Continent will no longer 
be called dark, but be a land where the light of 
the gospel shines in the darkest places. What 
a contrast to the early days of the mission, 
when not a man in the whole Kassai region 
knew a letter in the alphabet, and when the 
only school material Lapsley and Sheppard had 
was a cleared space on the ground and the stick 
with which to write words that the wondering 
natives discovered to have a meaning! 

The printing press has been doing its helpful 
work in the Congo Mission. It was necessary 
that books should be printed in the native lan- 


Africa. 


155 


guage, and just as this need arose it was met 
by a Sunday school in Baltimore contributing 
a hand printing press. This has been supple¬ 
mented by improved conditions for printing, 
and the missionaries, especially Dr. Morrison, 
have reduced the language to writing, pre¬ 
pared a grammar, dictionary, and a number of 
text-books. So great has been the demand for 
printing that a cylinder press is a part of the Printing 
printing outfit at Luebo and is one of the most Presses 
powerful factors in evangelizing that region. 

In addition to school books, portions of the 
Scripture have been translated, and additions 
are made every year. 

Owing to the system of slave trading, a large 
number of orphans have, in one way and an¬ 
other, many of them redeemed by the mission¬ 
aries, fallen into the hands of the mission. 

Miss Fearing and Miss Thomas have had charge 
of a home, Pan tops, for over fifteen years. 
Splendid work has been done by these faithful 
colored women and other missionaries who 
teach in the school. 

We quote again from Dr. Morrison: “A mis¬ 
sionary in Africa has to be everything, from 
preacher to cook. The help of the natives is 
indispensable, and under the training of the 
missionaries some are good cooks, others are 
typesetters and bookbinders, others help in the 
pharmacy in treating the sick, who come every 
morning for medicine; others are learning 


156 


In Four Continents. 


Occupations carpentry and brick masonry, while a goodly 
number are constantly employed under the 
direction of the missionaries in building and 
making repairs at the stations. Formerly the 
buildings at Luebo and Ibanj have all been 
made of mud and sticks, but with the new brick 
press, the contribution of a friend of the mis¬ 
sion, comfortable brick homes have been 
erected, greatly diminishing the danger of sick¬ 
ness among the missionaries.” 


IBANJ. 

Ibanj is an inland town of the Bakuba tribe, 
about forty miles north of Luebo. At this point 
the great highways through the forests and the 
plains meet. A great market is held here every 
Bakuba ^ Saturday, continuing from eight o’clock in the 
morning until one in the afternoon. All the 
tribes mingle, selling their corn, rice, peas, 
beans, potatoes, sheep, goats, dogs, chickens, 
eggs, bows, arrows, clay pots, kam wood, to¬ 
bacco, pipes, cloth hats, etc. The station work 
was begun at Ibanj in 1897 by Kev. W. M. Mor¬ 
rison and Eev. W. H. Sheppard. The mission 
station is situated in the center of five Bakuba 
villages. In the beginning it was difficult to 
make the natives understand that the mission¬ 
aries were not among them for the purpose of 
trade. They were unwilling that houses should 
be built, for, as they explained, their king, 



Sunday Service at Ibanj, Congo Mission, 




















































. 




















Africa. 


157 


Lukenga, did not want foreigners in his coun¬ 
try. The missionaries gradually gained the 
good will of the people, and in a little while the 
chief of the principal village became very 
friendly and visited the mission tent. There 
were false alarms of danger, and on a certain 
night the whole village was in excitement. 

The people were running to and fro, and the 
missionaries thought of the warnings that had 
been given, and they hastened to the tent of the 
chief, attracting his attention by a cough, as is 
the custom. Inquiry was made as to the ex¬ 
citement of the village. He quietly said to the 
missionaries, “Return to your tents; there is 
no harm; an elephant has been killed across 
the Pianga plain, and everybody is off to be the 
first to get meat.” The missionaries encoun¬ 
tered heathenism in many of its darkest forms. 
Among them was the practice, of the witch Witch 
doctors in which certain persons were subjected Doctors 
to the poison test. Letters from the mission¬ 
aries at the station give an incident of an actual 
test where the woman died, and after her death 
dry wood was brought from the town and 
placed in a heap, the body put upon it, palm oil 
poured on, and the remains cremated. The 
poisonous cup is an unknown thing now. It 
has gone into the past never to be revived 
again. Rev. W. H. Sheppard, in writing of 
the work at Ibanj, says: “The first Presbyterian 
Church of Ibanj stood on the very spot where 


158 


In Four Continents. 


Station 

Destroyed 


Schools 


scores of victims drank the awful draught. 
The gospel is preached to them daily, and every 
effort is being made to bring them speedily to 
Christ.” 

This is in pleasing contrast with the experi¬ 
ences of 1905, when the station was completely 
destroyed and the missionaries compelled to 
flee for their lives. The native Christians, 
however, remained faithful, and after the sup¬ 
pression of the uprising the station was rebuilt 
and the work resumed. There have been many 
difficulties connected with the work at Ibanj, 
but notwithstanding these difficulties, the re¬ 
port of 1909 states that the work among the 
Bakuba is in better condition than ever before. 

There are two schools at Ibanj, one for boys 
and another for girls. The school work of our 
Congo Mission has already proven itself to be a 
source of tremendous influence for the spread 
of the gospel. Young men prepared in these 
schools have become preachers of the gospel 
far and near. The missionaries speak of hear¬ 
ing of a teacher hundreds of miles away, who, 
at his own charges, and unknown to the mis¬ 
sion, is preaching the gospel the best he knows 
how. The Sunday school at Ibanj has an at¬ 
tendance of five hundred. The catechumen 
classes are well attended. 

The missionaries in the Congo Free State, for 
many years, have been opposed and persecuted 
by the State authorities. All Protestant mis- 


Africa. 


159 


sions have had great difficulty in securing land 
for stations, and in late years have been denied 
the privilege of additional limited land pur¬ 
chase. The awful atrocities practiced upon the 
natives are a matter of historical record. Not- Persecution 
withstanding the fact that our missionaries 
pursued as conservative a course as possible 
under the revolting conditions of which they 
were witnesses through a period of years, two 
of them, Rev. W. M. Morrison and Rev. W. H. 
Sheppard, were falsely accused and made to 
appear before a prejudiced court sitting at 
Leopoldville. Preceding the trial, the mission¬ 
aries were subjected to unreasonable trouble 
and expense. But finally, aided by the State 
Department of our Government, the indicted 
men secured a comparatively fair hearing, with 
distinguished counsel, which resulted in a com¬ 
plete vindication. This trial, and the occur¬ 
rences leading up to it, in September, 1909, 
enlisted the attention of Government author¬ 
ities, missionary bodies, and the moral forces 
of the world to such a degree that it had no 
small part in bringing about conditions that 
have, at least, lessened the oppressions and 
awful cruelties that for many years the natives 
of the Congo Free State have endured. 

The missionaries in their letters and reports 
write in strongest terms of the wonderful op¬ 
portunities for the spread of the gospel from 
Luebo and Ibanj. In the last Annual Report 


160 


In Four Continents. 


Call to the 
Church 


The First 
“Lapsley ” 


(1909) it is said: “Unless the home church can 
send us some reinforcements at once, our cause 
will suffer loss. The comparatively few now 
remaining are in danger of being overworked, 
while much necessary work must go undone. 
God has richly blessed the efforts of this small 
force working in the face of many difficulties. 
And though there have been many regrettable 
mistakes made, God has certainly shown his 
approval of the efforts made. As a mission, 
therefore, we again urgently beg of you to send 
us some more consecrated and efficient men to 
help us champion the cause of the Lord in this 
land of sin and darkness.” 


THE STEAMER “LAPSLEY.” 

The need of better communication between 
the Congo Mission station at Luebo and Leo¬ 
poldville pressed heavily upon the missionaries 
from the time the station was opened. There 
were times when the question of getting food 
supplies from Leopoldville to the station was 
a matter of most serious consideration. When 
the news of Lapsley’s death reached this coun¬ 
try zealous friends proposed to the children 
of the church the pleasing task of contribut¬ 
ing funds with which to build a vessel to be 
used on the Congo and its tributaries, and, at 
the same time, perpetuate the memory of Mr. 
Lapsley and his work. In response to this ap- 


Africa 


161 


peal the children gave about $15,000 and the 
steamer Samuel N. Lapslcy was built in Rich¬ 
mond, Va., in 1899. It was shipped in sec¬ 
tions to Boma and Matadi, thence by rail 
to Leopoldville, where it was reconstructed 
at Stanley Pool by Rev. L. C. Vass during the 
winter of 1900-01. This little steamer made 
the first trip to Luebo in the spring of 1901. 

At the time of its construction it was thought 
that the boat would be of sufficient size to 
safely navigate the rivers and to meet the 
needs of the mission in the transportation of 
missionaries and supplies to and from Leopold¬ 
ville. It was soon found that the steamer was 
too small but it was not expected that any 
disaster would occur. In 1903 Rev. Motte Mar¬ 
tin and Mr. H. C. Slaymaker were sent to 
our Congo Mission. They were met at Leo¬ 
poldville with the steamer and the long jour¬ 
ney into the interior begun. Near the mouth 
of the Kassai River in the early morning of 
November 16, 1903, the steamer was caught The Disaster 
in an eddy and suddenly overturned. Mr. Slay- 
maker went down in the waters of the Congo 
and was not seen after the sinking of the boat. 

Mr. Martin and Mr. Vass were almost miracu¬ 
lously saved. More than a score of natives 
were drowned. The news of this disaster 
deeply moved the home church and it was 
determined to make an urgent call, espe¬ 
cially to the young people, for a fund with 
li 


162 


In Four Continents. 


The New. 
“Lapsley” 


which to build a new and larger steamer. A 
friend in Kichmond, Virginia, gave a fund suf¬ 
ficient to meet the expense incidental to pre¬ 
senting the appeal to the church. As a re¬ 
sult of the vigorous presentation of the appeal 
and the sympathetic interest of the church, 
something over $42,000 was secured. The new 
Lapsley was built at Glasgow and shipped by 
steamer and railway to Luebo. Here again 
Mr. Vass, assisted by Mr. Scott, with in¬ 
exhaustible patience and industry, recon¬ 
structed the new steamer, which has, since 
1906 when the first voyage was made from 
Leopoldville to Luebo, been in the constant 
service of the mission. The new Lapsley is 
one of the best of several mission steamers on 
the Congo and its tributaries and has been 
a most useful part of the missionary equip¬ 
ment in the Congo. Without this steamer the 
transportation of no small part of the equip¬ 
ment at Luebo would either have been impos¬ 
sible, or so expensive as to have been prohib¬ 
itory. Through the generosity of a friend a 
very much needed small iron launch has been 
added to the steamer equipment, which is of 
special service in times of low water. 

The missionaries of the Congo Mission with 
their rejoicing over victories gained, make most 
earnest appeal for the reinforcement necessary 
to adequately use present opportunity. “How 
changed,” writes a missionary, “is the place 


Africa. 


163 


and the people of our early labors! The 
small huts we were glad to get in the early days 
have been replaced by comfortable clay houses, 
with large doors and windows. We no longer 
need to seek out a shade tree for services, for 
we have large church sheds, beautifully made, 
with seating capacity for more than a thousand 
people. There are several brick buildings on 
the station, one of these being the printing- 
house, where a goodly supply of books have been 
printed for use at Luebo, Ibanj, and the many 
outstations. The church services are attended 
by hundreds of quiet, interested, well-clothed 
natives. From the mother church hundreds of 
Christians have gone forth bearing the torch to Gratitude and 
their benighted brethren. Scores of true- Appeal 
hearted evangelists have gone out from the 
Luebo church and have established mission sta¬ 
tions far away in the interior, and from these 
centers of light other teachers in turn have gone 
out, so that now it is difficult to keep an accu¬ 
rate roll of the churches, evangelists and mem¬ 
bers. Who can number the countless oppor¬ 
tunities and who can measure the future possi¬ 
bilities of this vast land and its rising people? 

Having tasted the sweet, refreshing draughts of 
spiritual knowledge and grace, they will never 
again be content to endure the dry, desert 
winds of superstition and ignorance. Day 
after day the appeals come to missionaries for 
messengers to make known to waiting thou- 


164 


In Four Continents. 


sands the Way of Life. So we beg of you in 
the homeland that you hear our pleading call, 
‘Come over and help us.’ You have helped us 
wonderfully. You have made possible the 
great change between the Yesterday and the 
Today. You have planted, you have watered. 
God has given the increase and opened the way 
for greater things. Shall the Lord of the har¬ 
vest come and find his fields wasted because the 
laborers were too few to gather in the ripened 
grain ?” 


DAVID LIVINGSTONE’S RESOLVE. 

I will place no value upon anything I have or may 
possess except in relation to the kingdom of Christ. 
If anything will advance the interest of that kingdom, 
it shall be given away or kept, only as by the giving 
or keeping of it I shall most promote the glory of 
Him to whom I owe all my hopes in time or eternity. 
May grace and strength sufficient to enable me to 
adhere faithfully to this resolution be imparted to 
me, so that, not in name only, all my interests may 
be identified with His cause. 
















































% 


























































































166 


In Four Continents. 


THE TWO REPUBLICS. 

By far the most important country of Latin 
America north of Panama is Mexico. It is most in¬ 
teresting to compare the history and development of 
the two republics of North America, Mexico and the 
United States, that divide between them so large a 
portion of the continent. Both republics have an 
interesting history, both have been blessed by the 
unselfish labors of sincere patriots, but they differ 
as widely in tradition, in present conditions, and in 
future prospects as any two of the greater nations 
of the world. No better illustration can anywhere 
be found of the influence of the early settlers of a 
country in establishing the trend of its future history. 
Mexico differs from the United States as Spain differs 
from Great Britain, as Catholicism differs from 
Protestantism, as religious intolerance differs from 
religious freedom, as Cortez and his rapacious hordes 
differed from the Pilgrim Fathers.— Rev. Francis E. 
Clark. 






























Mexican Boys 












































































































VII. 


MEXICO. 

On the north the United States, on the south 
Guatemala, on the east the Gulf of Mexico, on 
the west the Pacific Ocean—such are the bound¬ 
aries of the Eepublic of Mexico. To travel the 
length of the country from north to south would 
require a journey of 2,000 miles; from east to 
west, at the widest part, the distance is about 
800 miles. The area of Mexico is 772,652 square 
miles—nearly ten times as large as Great Brit¬ 
ain, or nearly equal in size to France, Spain, 
Austria, Lombardy and the British Isles com¬ 
bined. Lay a map of Mexico on a map of the 
United States and it would be found that the 
neighbor Eepublic is a little more than one- 
fourth the size of our country. 

Mexico has been called the Egypt of the 
Western Hemisphere. It has also been de¬ 
scribed as a vast cornucopia opening toward the 
north. It has often been said that it is the 
cornucopia of opportunity with the opening 
toward the United States. As a mission field 
it is generally regarded as most healthful. 
With the exception of the effect upon nervous 
people of the higher altitudes, and the fevers 

107 


168 


In Four Continents. 


prevalent along the coast, the climatic condi¬ 
tions are favorable. A prominent Mexican 
official has given the following somewhat enthu¬ 
siastic description of his country: “As a whole 
the Mexican climate, if not of the most invigor¬ 
ating nature, is certainly one of the most de¬ 
lightful in the world. The zone of temperate 
lands—oceanic slopes—enjoy an everlasting 
spring, being exposed neither to severe winter 
nor to intolerable summer heats. In every glen 
flows a rippling stream. Every human abode 
is embowered in leafy vegetation, and here the 
native plants intermingle with those of Europe 
and Africa. Each traveler in his turn describes 
the valley in which he has remained the longest 
as the loveliest in the world. Nowhere else do 
the snow T y crests or smoking volcanic cones rise 
in more imposing grandeur above the surround¬ 
ing sea* of verdure, all carpeted with the bright¬ 
est flowers. In these enchanting scenes there 
is still room for millions and millions of human 
beings.” 

The population of Mexico is approximately 
13,000,000 people, usually divided into three 
classes. According to Dr. Beach, about nine¬ 
teen per cent of the people are Spaniards of 
pure, or nearly pure, white extraction. The 
Spaniard of Mexico is described as “forceful of 
word and praise, energetic in his movements, 
immensely vital, tremendously persistent and 
wonderfully enduring.” The Indian race make 


Mexico. 


169 


up thirty-eight per cent of the population, num¬ 
bering about 4,800,000, of whom nearly two 
million are of pure blood. As a rule they lead 
a life of their own, mingling but not mixing 
with the other races; and are scarcely less 
slaves than were their ancestors under the 
Spaniards. The Indian is a poor worker, and Indians 
unreliable, though, as a rule, tractable if well 
treated. Those not employed on estates usually 
live in communities resembling the old village 
communities of Europe. It should also be 
stated that some of the prominent men of mod¬ 
ern Mexico have been pure-blooded Indians. 

Among them may be mentioned Juarez, the 
statesman, and Morelos, the soldier. The third 
element in the population is the mixed white 
and Indian race, which make up the largest 
section of society—some forty-three per cent. 

As to the religious conditions of the present 
day, the Church and State are separated and 
theoretically perfect freedom of worship is pos¬ 
sible. Ecclesiastical institutions are not per- Religious 
mitted to acquire and hold real estate, and Condltlons 
monastic orders are prohibited. “No religious 
instruction or ceremony is allowed in the public 
schools, and never is a prayer offered as a part 
of the program of a national celebration.” 

There are many progressive Catholics who are 
awake to the freedom of the times. A great 
proportion of the Indian population hold to 
their old idolatry, having substituted their idols 


170 


In Four Continents. 


Investigation 


Mission 

Established 


for images of Catholic saints. It can be truly 
said of the present conditions, as Abbe Dominic 
said of religious conditions in his day, “The 
religion of the country is a baptized heathen¬ 
ism.” The knowledge of Christ is the only hope 
for this people. 

The following account of our Mexico Mission 
is taken from a sketch written by Eev. A. T. 
Graybill, our pioneer missionary to that coun¬ 
try. After the death of Dr. Graybill the sketch 
was revised and brought down to 1905 by Mrs. 
Annie O. Graybill. 

In response to the urgent request of members 
of the Presbytery of Western Texas for the es¬ 
tablishment of v a mission in Mexico the Execu¬ 
tive Committee of Foreign Missions, in March, 
1873, sent Kev. A. T. Graybill, recently gradu¬ 
ated from Union Theological Seminary, td Mat- 
amoros to investigate that section of norehrn 
Mexico and to ascertain what place would be 
most eligible for opening a work. In this 
investigation Mr. Graybill traveled two hun¬ 
dred and forty miles south to C. Victoria, the 
capital of the state of Tamaulipas. In his re¬ 
port to the Committee Matamoros was recom¬ 
mended as a most suitable place for a beginning. 
No other denomination had established per¬ 
manent work in that part of Mexico; there 
were 20,000 inhabitants in the city and at that 
time it had a far more extensive commercial, 
political and social intercourse with the in- 


Mexico. 


171 


terior than any other city in this part of 
Mexico. The Executive Committee having de¬ 
cided to open the work in Matamoros, sent 
Mr. and Mrs. Graybill to the station in Janu- First 
ary, 1874, where, in a rented cottage, they be- Mlsslonanes 
gan the study of the language in preparation 
for their life work. 

Notwithstanding the fact that religious lib¬ 
erty had been proclaimed in Mexico the year 
before the entrance of our first missionaries, 
the power of Romanism remained. The sol¬ 
diers of Mexico had gained the victory over 
every foe that had sought to denationalize the 
country. Her statesmen had framed a repub¬ 
lican form of government with wise laws. Not 
withstanding these facts, Romanism had left closed 
the people without the Bible, without the 
knowledge of Christ as the only mediator and 
Saviour, and had brought to the people nothing 
but a blind faith in images of saints for their 
salvation. Along with their religious fanat¬ 
icism the priests held intense prejudice against 
Americans and Protestants. After the mis¬ 
sionaries had acquired the language the door 
seemed closed. 

During the Mexican War, two American 
officers entered a Mexican hut, thirty miles 
above Matamoros, on the Rio Grande, and gave 
a Bible to a young married woman. After a 
few weeks they returned, and, not seeing the 


The Door 


172 


In Four Continents. 


The Door 
Opened 


Bible, they asked her what had become of it. 
She replied that the bishop had passed that 
way, gathering up and burning all the Bibles 
he could hear of, and hers had shared that fate. 
They gave her another, but by this time her 
husband and parents opposed her reading it. 
She therefore hid it under the root of an old 
tree, and read it clandestinely. It resulted in 
her conversion. After a few years her husband 
and father died, and she moved down to Mata- 
moros. She received baptism by Rev. H. Cham¬ 
berlain, at Brownsville, Texas. She was the 
first Mexican to greet the missionaries when 
they arrived at Matamoros. She had a son 
nineteen years old, who was a barroom keeper, 
but was just out of employment. He was en¬ 
gaged to teach Spanish. He went daily to 
teach Mr. and Mrs. Graybill, and they pressed 
the claims of the gospel upon him. He was 
converted and was the first one to receive bap¬ 
tism by Mr. Graybill. After three months the 
young man offered to invite his friends to their 
cottage for a service. He induced about a 
dozen, including children, to come one Sunday. 
A hymn was sung, a prayer offered, and then 
Mrs. Graybill took the children into her room 
and taught them, while Mr. Graybill distributed 
Bibles to the adults who could read, and ex¬ 
plained the verses, after which the children re¬ 
turned, and he tried to preach. Thus the door 
was opened by the Bible given thirty years be- 


Mexico. 


173 


fore, and that door has never been closed in 
these thirty-three years, but ever opens wider, 
on broader fields white for the harvest. That 
barroom boy is now Eev. Leandro Garza Mora, 
known in all our churches at home and in Mex¬ 
ico. He has been a great instrument under 
God in our work in Mexico, and is increasing in 
usefulness. A church was organized at Mata- 
moros the next year. 

The general method of conducting the relig¬ 
ious services adopted in the early days is very 
nearly the same as at the present time. The 
whole congregation is included in the Sunday 
school, and the sermon follows, all being one 
service. At the first meeting there were twelve 
persons in attendance, and by that act they in¬ 
curred the enmity of their countrymen. The 
children were ridiculed in the schools. To keep 
their hold upon the people that had thus iden¬ 
tified themselves with the Protestants, a day 
school was opened by Mrs. Graybill, assisted by 
Leandro. This school for persecuted children 
was held in the dining-room of the mission 
home, which was also the preaching place. This 
school has had an interesting history. In due 
time Miss Annie E. Dysart went to Mexico as a 
missionary and was assigned to the school. The 
influences of this comparatively small school 
are felt in the city of Matamoros and the sur¬ 
rounding country. It has been a center of en¬ 
lightenment. It has been for many years con- 


Methods of 
Work 


174 


In Four Continents. 


The First 
School 


Station at 
Brownsville 


ducted as a boarding and day school, having 
from twenty to thirty boarding pupils, more than 
half of them paying their own expenses. Its 
influence religiously is well illustrated in the 
incident of the little girl who, having learned 
the Ten Commandments in the school, repeated 
the second commandment to her father, who 
said, “Why, that can’t be in the Bible, for it 
cuts up by roots all that we Mexicans know 
about religion.” 

One of the early sorrows of our mission in 
Mexico was the death of Mrs. Graybill. It is 
said of her, “Her life-work was short, but, by 
God’s blessing, wonderful in results. It is 
probable that her work on her dying bed was 
greater than all before. The cities of Mata- 
moros and Brownsville, on the opposite side of 
the Kio Grande, knew her and admired her; 
they knew how she died, her testimony for 
Christ, and no heretic could die that way.” 

In the fall of 1874 it was decided to establish 
a w r ork at Brownsville, Texas. Three-fourths 
of the population of this place is Mexican. It 
is very difficult to induce Mexicans to come to 
a Protestant service. At the first meeting in 
Brownsville only three were present; at the 
second, two, and at the third, none. Mr. Gray¬ 
bill and Leandro, his helper, adopted the bib¬ 
lical plan and compelled them to come by urgent 
invitation. In a year a church was organized. 
A day school was established, and grew into the 


Mexico. 


175 


well-known school which Miss Janet Houston 
had under her care for so many years, and which 
has been successfully carried on by Mexican 
teachers after the transfer of Miss Houston to 
Cuba in 1899. The reports of the work during 
these early days contain stirring incidents. In 
1875 Leandro went up the Rio Grande about 
thirty miles, where he had some friends, and 
preached to the people. While preaching at 
night, a piece of iron was hurled at his head by 
some unseen person, which, if it had hit him, 
would have killed him instantly. He had no 
encouragement to return, but, as afterwards 
proved, he sowed seed that fell in good ground 
when he left a Bible with a friend. This friend 
gave the Bible to a man named Espinosa. It 
was four years later before Leandro saw any 
fruit of the trip on which he came so near 
losing his life. He was preaching on another 
ranch, and after the sermon Espinosa, the man 
to whom Leandro’s friend gave the Bible, was 
in the audience. Of course he was not known 
to the preacher, but Espinosa came forward and 
told him that the Bible had brought him to 
Christ, and expressed a desire to devote himself 
to His service. Espinosa went to Matamoros 
and taught in the boys’ evangelical school for 
two years, when he want to San Juan, where 
we now have a church, and taught a similar 
school for three years, at the same time sup¬ 
porting himself and studying for the ministry. 


176 


In Four Continents. 


Leandro 
Garza Mora 


Ranches 

Visited 


After ordination he served the churches at Jim¬ 
enez and C. Victoria, and later became the 
pastor of the church at Montemorelos. In the 
letters of Dr. Graybill much interesting infor¬ 
mation is gathered regarding the workers, their 
trials, their difficulties and persecution, and the 
organization of churches. Speaking of Lean¬ 
dro Garza Mora, he said: “During 1878 Lean¬ 
dro Garza Mora, sometimes accompanied by 
me, made extensive tours among the ranches. 
This work was followed by good results. An 
elder in the Brownsville Mexican Church, who 
had been a desperate character, but now burn¬ 
ing with desire for the conversion of his coun¬ 
trymen, went, with his two little daughters, to 
see his uncle, Lopez, the proprietor of a large 
ranch, thirty miles above Matamoros. He 
urged the claims of the gospel upon his kins¬ 
man. His efforts did not seem to make much 
impression until he got the little girls to sing 
some gospel hymns that they had learned in 
Sunday school. This attracted a crowd, and a 
deep interest was awakened.” There is now a 
church at that place, into which some sixty 
members have been baptized on profession of 
their faith, and Lopez is one of the elders. 
Lopez had not been a mere nominal Romanist, 
like many of his countrymen, but used to have 
mass said in his home, and had many images in 
his house which he worshiped. He said: “In 
reading the Bible I came to the forty-fourth 


Mexico 


177 


chapter of Isaiah, where the prophet ridicules 
idolatry, saying, a man ‘goes to the woods, cuts 
a tree, makes an image of a part of it, and wor¬ 
ships it; a fire of the other part, to cook with.’ 

I remembered that I had done that very thing 
myself. I had made an image of one part of the 
tree to worship, and had used the other part for 
cooking.” 

In 1878 the mission was greatly encouraged 
by the arrival of Rev. J. G. Hall, and his wife, 

Mrs. Virgie Wilson Hall, who had been mission¬ 
aries in Colombia, South America. They were 
located in Matamoros. Of his arrival on the Reinforce- 
field Mr. Hall said, “In the kind providence of ments 
God I was brought safely to this city on last 
Saturday, and on the following day it was my 
privilege to witness what I shall not soon forget 
—the dedication of the first Protestant Church 
of Northern Mexico. The event excited much 
interest, and a large number of Mexicans and 
foreigners from Brownsville and Matamoros 
turned out to witness the ceremony. The lot, 
building, and furniture cost $3,421.58, and was 
dedicated without debt.” Mr. and Mrs. Hall 
continued as efficient and greatly beloved mem¬ 
bers of the mission until 1895, when, for entirely 
unselfish reasons, they returned to the United 
States. When Mr. Hall announced to his 
native Presbytery his intention to retire from 
the work, that body, which he had helped to 
organize, and ably and patiently trained for 
12 


178 


In Four Continents. 


work, was melted to tears and sobs. So moved 
was the Presbytery that little more was done 
at that session. 

In 1880, Eduardo Carrero, who had studied 
five years with Mr. Graybill, was ordained as 
an evangelist, and was sent to C. Victoria, at 
the foot of the Sierra Madre Mountains, the 
city visited by Mr. Graybill on his tour of in¬ 
spection. A church was organized after some 
two years’ labor, and recently a good stone 
church has been completed. In March, 1880, 
Leandro Garza Mora, after a course of study 
and gospel work for six years, was ordained as 
an evangelist. He was ordained to preach the 
gospel in the ranches on both sides of the Eio 
Grande, and the “regions beyond,” and pursued 
his work vigorously. In 1881, he moved with 
his wife to Jimenez, to establish the gospel 
there. Jimenez is the ancient capital of a large 
province between Matamoros and C. Victoria, 
about a hundred and fifty miles from the for¬ 
mer and ninety miles from the latter. There he 
Persecution suffered great persecution. A plot was made 
to kill him. The mob was gathered around the 
house of worship, armed to kill him, but a young 
man of wealth and influence, having discovered 
the plot, with thirty armed men dispersed the 
assailants before they were ready for attack. 
Don Leandro is now received as an honored 
guest by all the leading people of the place. 
About a hundred members have been baptized 


Mexico. 


179 


into the Jimenez church on profession of faith, 
and a neat stone church marks the triumph of 
the gospel over every difficulty and every foe. 

In the records of the mission we gather infor¬ 
mation regarding the reinforcements and 
changes. In 1880 Mr. Graybill and Miss Hattie 
Loughridge were married. In the same year 
Miss Janet Houston was located at Brownsville 
to assist Mrs. Hall in the school. In December, 

1880, Rev. J. W. Graybill and wife were added 
to the mission. In 1882 Miss Dysart took 
charge of the girls’ school in Matamoros. In 
1883 Rev. J. W. Graybill was compelled to dis¬ 
solve his connection with the mission on ac¬ 
count of the failing health of Mrs. Graybill. 

A great step in advance in the prosecution of 
our work in Mexico w T as the organization of the 
Presbytery of Tamaulipas. When the work 
had so far advanced that there were five regu¬ 
larly organized churches in the mission—Mata¬ 
moros, Brownsville, San Juan, Jimenez, and 
Victoria, with a membership of about four bun- Organized 
dred, it was clearly evident that the time had 
arrived for the work to be controlled by a native 
Presbytery. The organization of the Presby¬ 
tery was completed on April 21, 1884. Preced¬ 
ing the organization, Sr. Espinosa was ordained 
to the ministry, and a communion service was 
held, at which native preachers presided. Rev. 

J. G. Hall preached to a large and attentive 
audience on “Government by Presbyters.” The 


180 


In Four Continents. 


new Presbytery consisted of three ministers and 
four ruling elders. As these Mexican brethren 
stood before the pulpit Dr. Graybill explained 
to them that the government which he and Mr. 
Hall had exercised as missionaries had been 
only provisional, and that the time had now 
come for the control to be transferred to native 
shoulders. One of the first things done by the 
Presbytery was to instruct the ministers to 
preach a missionary sermon in each of the 
churches three times a year, and take up a col¬ 
lection for that object. 

In 1885 the Presbytery met in Brownsville; 
seven men were taken under its care as students 
for the ministry, five of them supporting them¬ 
selves. In 1886 it met in Jimenez. One of the 
memorials before the Presbytery at this meeting 
asked that all the churches should take up a 
Self-Support missionary collection every month, and make 
Encouraged th e e fl? or ^ provide, as soon as possible, for the 
support of their own ministry. This was unan¬ 
imously adopted. A new church was received— 
that of Montemorelos. The Presbytery had 
directed that Leandro should go to this place, 
an important town, a hundred miles west of 
Jimenez. Leandro went. The priest of Monte¬ 
morelos, when he heard that a Protestant min¬ 
ister was about to arrive, had masses said every 
day, praying the Lord to destroy the intruder 
on the road. He had also formed a party of 
young men to accompany him, with pistols, to 


Mexico. 


181 


meet Leandro, and “let the Virgin work the Opposition 
miracle.” In spite of all this, Leandro arrived of Pnests 
before the priest and his party knew of it. He 
mentions, in his report after being there one 
year, the following: “Thirty-four adults and 
seven children received; the church organized, 
with four elders and three deacons; a ladies’ 
society, very active; Sunday school of twenty; 
a day school of twenty-four, self-supporting; 
good attendance all the time at church services; 

1133.98 collected for all purposes; thirty-two 
subscribers to El Faro , a fine religious paper 
(illustrated), published by the Northern Pres¬ 
byterian Mission, in the City of Mexico.” 

In the further extension of the work of the 
Mexico Mission it is mentioned that in 1886 Sr. 

Jose M. Botello, who had been a sacristan in 
the Catholic Church for many years, and who 
was skilled in saying and singing the masses further 
for the priests, was licensed and sent up into Extension 
the Sierra Madre Mountains, a hundred miles 
beyond C. Victoria. More than thirty persons 
were received in three villages and a church was 
organized. He also established the Mexican 
work in San Marcos, Texas, which, through the 
efficient work of Rev. Walter Scott, Rev. H. B. 

Pratt, and others, has resulted in a flourishing 
Mexican church. When he was first converted, 
near Matamoros, he used to walk ten miles to 
take Bible lessons with Mr. Graybill. 

In 1887 Rev. A. T. Graybill visited the im- 


182 


In Four Continents. 


portant city of Linares, with a view to estab¬ 
lishing permanent work. This is one of the 
most important cities, in agricultural resources 
Opening of and population, and its central location, in all 
Linares 0 f our mission in Mexico. Three years before 
the visit of Mr. Graybill an effort had bjeen 
made to establish a work, but the house in 
which the services were held was maliciously 
burned, and the work abandoned. When he 
and his family arrived, the priest, who had im¬ 
mense influence in all that country, proclaimed 
that if anyone rented the Protestant minister 
a house, or did work for him, or lived within 
cwo squares of his house, he would be under 
anathema. After trying in vain for a suitable 
house, through the influence of a prominent 
citizen, a very inferior one was secured. In a 
few months, however, through the influence of 
another prominent citizen, a preaching place on 
the corner of the main plaza of the city, within 
less than two squares of the priest’s house, and 
only half a square from the cathedral, was se¬ 
cured. The place of worship, with the little 
company that assembled for worship, was 
stoned repeatedly, endangering life and limb. 
Accompanied by his wife and child, Mr. Gray¬ 
bill was several times stoned in the street, and 
his house was frequently assaulted. Finally, 
the authorities were compelled to take very 
strict measures to prevent further disturbance 
from the masses, who, the authorities said, were 


Mexico. 


183 


instigated by the priest. Notwithstanding the 
bitter and powerful influences against the mis¬ 
sionaries in the beginnings of the work at 
Linares, we now have a substantial stone 
church building, located on one of the plazas 
of the city. The work has extended among the 
ranches, and eighty miles up the deep canons 
and over the precipitous ridges, and into the 
deep fastnesses of the Sierra Madre. There 
are many preaching places among these moun¬ 
tains, and two churches have been organized, 
where so long cruelty and superstition have 
reigned. The work in these mountain congre¬ 
gations has not advanced rapidly in later years. 
Death and removal of members have depleted 
the church rolls, and the workers have been too 
few to make it possible to cultivate these distant 
and inaccessible places. " Now, with more 
workers, it may be expected that all the bright 
promise of the past may be realized. 

In 1880 the mission was saddened by the 
death of Mrs. Hattie Lough ridge Graybill. A 
girls’ school was opened in Linares in 1800 by 
Juana Castillo, a pupil from Miss Dysart’s 
school at Matamoros. Miss E. V. Lee, who 
joined the mission at Matamoros in 1800, took 
charge of the girls’ school. In 1802 Miss M. M. 
Gunn came to her assistance. The school pros¬ 
pered, but in 1808 the Executive Committee did 
not see its way clear to sustain more than one 
boarding school in the Mexico Mission, and 


Obstacles 
and Success 


School at 
Linares 


184 


In Four Continents. 


therefore reluctantly closed the girls’ school at 
Linares. With the closing of the girls’ school 
Miss Lee was transferred to C. Victoria to do 
Bible work, where she has remained perma¬ 
nently. Reports from the field contain items 
of interest, such as the marriage of Mr. Graybill 
in 1895 to Miss Annie E. Ottaway. This same 
year the Presbytery of Tamaulipas invited and 
urged the missionaries to become members of 
the Presbytery. In compliance with this re¬ 
quest, and with the approval of the Executive 
Committee, Mr. Graybill became a member of 
the Presbytery in 1896. Miss Ella Cummins, 
of Tennessee, was for a short time a member of 
the mission, but was obliged to withdraw on 
account of failing health. Miss Edith McClung 
Houston, who had been in the work at Browns¬ 
ville, Texas, was transferred to Cuba in the fall 
of 1899. Miss M. M. Gunn left the mission to 
become the wife of Rev. R. D. Campbell. Mr. 
Campbell and his wife have been doing an ex¬ 
cellent work for many years among the Mex¬ 
icans at and around Laredo, Texas. In 1900 a 
very excellent arrangement was made for the 
education of students for the ministry at the 
Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian 
Church, U. S. A., at Coyoacan, near the City of 
Mexico. Reports following this date tell of 
the graduation of students in this institution, 
and the good work they have done. In 1901 
the Presbytery of Tamaulipas joined the three 


Mexico. 


185 


Presbyteries of the Northern Church in the 
formation of the Synod of the Presbyterian Synod of 
Church in Mexico. This union of the Presby- Mexico 
teries into the Synod gave new interest and life 
to the native Church. 

In 1894 the missionary force was increased 
by the arrival of Rev. J. O. Shelby. Shortly 
after his arrival he passed through an epidemic 
of yellow fever. Immediately following his 
completion of two years of missionary experi¬ 
ence he was left in charge of the work. 

In January, 1905, the Mexican Mission suf¬ 
fered its greatest loss and had its sorest bereave¬ 
ment in the death of Rev. A. T. Graybill. After Death of Dr. 
a long and arduous service in Mexico, he ceased Graybl11 
from his labors abundant and “entered into 
rest.” At the time of his death Mr. Graybill was 
deeply interested in the development of the 
work at Hidalgo, a small place south of Linares, 
and with Mr. Shelby, was making plans for ag¬ 
gressive work and development all over the 
field. All have striven to carry forward these 
plans, and while, under the circumstances, there 
could not be much forward work, there has been 
no retrograde. Now, with the efficient help of 
Rev. H. L. Ross, and with his brother, Rev. 

W. A. Ross, there is reason to expect a rich 
harvest after the thirty-seven years of sowing. 

The need of a first-class missionary school for 
boys has been urged by the missionaries for a 
number of years. The supplying of this urgent 


186 


In Four Continents. 


Industrial 

School 


need is in process of realization. The young 
people of the home church were asked for an 
offering to the proposed school in connection 
with “Children’s Day” observance in 1909. A 
sufficient amount was contributed to purchase 
a well-located piece of land adjoining the city 
of Montemorelos. On a part of this land will 
be erected suitable buildings for the “Graybill 
Memorial Industrial School.” With sufficient 
land for agricultural use, adequate water sup¬ 
ply by irrigation, and other advantages, there is 
good reason to expect immediate and large 
educational results. The generous interest of 
the home church is needed in order to secure 
the funds needed with which to erect buildings 
and purchase equipment. 

The principal stations of the Mexico Mission 
are Matamoros, where work was begun in Jan¬ 
uary, 1874; Brownsville, in the fall of 1874; 
C. Victoria, in 1880; Montemorelos, in 1885, 
and Linares, in 1887. 

The field of the Mexico Mission is three hun¬ 
dred and fifty miles long and one hundred and 
fifty miles wide, with some seventy preaching 
places. The seed has been extensively sown. 
No part of Mexico is more in need of the light 
of the gospel, and none gives more encourage¬ 
ment to the missionary. 





188 


In Four Continents. 


brazil. 

That wind bearing southwest and that flight of 
paroquets that providentially diverted Columbus from 
the mainland of North America, at first to the 
Bahamas, and so on, in his third voyage, to the mouth 
of the Orinoco; that divine interposition that swept 
the caravel of Amerigo Vespucci at first to Paria and 
afterward to Brazil, left the continent of North 
America to be discovered by John Cabot and Sebas¬ 
tian Cabot, the vassals of the English kings Henry 
VII and Edward VI. The same hand of God which 
thus gave this land to England and Protestantism 
permitted the southern continent to come under the 
sway of papal crowns. And so this vast peninsula 
with its fourteen States waits to be “discovered” anew 
by Protestant Christians and evangelized. 

—Rev. A. T. Piebson. 


« 










































■ 








. 

. 






















































































































« 






















VIII. 


BRAZIL. 

Probably as little is known about Brazil as 
any land in which we are doing mission work. 

Though situated on the contiguous continents 
of North and South America, a long and trying 
journey separates the two countries. Brazil is Resources 
a land of vast resources and a splendid future, 
but its people have not hitherto been a great 
force in the world. It is practically without a 
literature, and in its development, which has 
been slow, it has shown few of those striking 
features which have attracted attention to 
other countries. So it has happened that our 
people possess little definite, detailed and accu¬ 
rate knowledge about Brazil. 

Physically, Brazil is one of the most remark¬ 
able countries in the world. Its shape suggests 
a huge fan. Its handle is the narrow strip that 
slips down between the Atlantic Ocean and the 
Argentine Republic. The body of the fan 
spreads out northwestward toward the Andes Physical 
Mountains and northeastward along the Atlan- Features 
tic shore, and these divergent boundaries come 
together along irregular lines in the north. It 
comprehends the heart of South America. It 

189 


190 


In Four Continents. 


Political 

Conditions 


would take another Texas added to the United 
States to make this country as large as Brazil. 

Since 1889 Brazil has been a republic. Its 
constitution is modeled after that of our coun¬ 
try ; and so far as the letter of the constitution 
goes, the political conditions are admirable. 
The feature of special interest to Protestant 
missions is the provision for religious liberty. 
On this point the constitution is explicit and 
ample: “All persons and religious professions 
may exercise publicly and freely the right of 
worship, and may associate themselves for that 
purpose, acquire property, etc.” This law is all 
that missionaries could ask. “But it would be 
a mistake to suppose that the people practice 
these broad principles of liberty. The sym¬ 
pathies and prejudices of the masses of the 
people are overwhelmingly on the side of the 
Catholic clergy as against the Protestants. 
The officials are either Bomanists or intimidated 
by the Romanists, so that these excellent laws 
are in many respects more of a dead letter than 
a real check upon the superstitions and fanat¬ 
ical prejudices of the people. The missionary 
is often the butt of public ridicule and con¬ 
tempt, and it is only in extreme cases of perse¬ 
cution that he can get any protection from the 
officers of the law.”* 

But there has been great progress made in 
the establishment of Protestantism in Brazil. 
Rev. S. R. Gammon, in his recently published 


Rev. C. S. Gardner. 



Brazil. 


191 


book, “The Evangelical Invasion of Brazil,” 
writing of the growth of the Presbyterian 
Church, says: 

“In August of 1859 Rev. A. G. Simonton 
landed in Rio to begin missionary work under 
the direction of the Presbyterian Church; and 
in January of 1910, the General Assembly of the 
Presbyterian Church in Brazil held in that same First 
city its first meeting, in elebration of the. semi- J^iSnary 11 
centennial of Presbyterianism in the Land of 
the Southern Cross. Could Mr. Simonton and 
Dr. Kallev, the Scotch physician who preceded 
him by four years in beginning the mission 
work, return and attend this meeting of the 
General Assembly, what would not their im¬ 
pressions be! Great as have been the changes 
in the material and political conditions of the 
beautiful capital, the changes that have come 
about in religious conditions are greater still. 

In January, 1862, two and a half years after 
the arrival of Mr. Simonton, the first Presbyte¬ 
rian Church was organized; in 1863, Sao Paulo 
was occupied as a mission station, and in 1865, 
the missionaries then on the field organized 
themselves into a Presbytery. The coming of p rogress 
the Southern Presbyterian missionaries, in 
1869, and the enlargement of their numbers and 
their work resulted in the organization of a 
second Presbytery. Pernambuco was occupied 
in 1873, and from that center, the work spread 
into the neighboring states. Work was opened 


192 


In Four Continents. 


Synod and 

General 

Assembly 


in Ceara in 1882, and shortly thereafter, Maran- 
hao was occupied. These developments in the 
North soon called for the organization of a third 
Presbytery. In 1888, with the consent of the 
two mother churches, the Presbyterian mission¬ 
aries in Brazil, together with the native min¬ 
isters they had ordained, organized themselves 
into an independent ecclesiastical body, the 
Presbyterian Synod of Brazil. Since beginning 
its independent life, the Church in Brazil has 
gone forward with leaps and bounds. Two 
years ago, it was decided that, for greater con¬ 
venience of administration, it would be advis¬ 
able to divide the church into two Synods, and 
constitute a General Assembly, which, as al¬ 
ready stated, held its first meeting in the city of 
Rio de Janeiro, in January, 1910, to celebrate 
the semi-centennial of the birth of Presbyterian¬ 
ism in Brazil.” 


SOUTH BRAZIL MISSION. 

“In 1854 the Presbyterian Board had, in the 
first year of Dr. J. Leighton Wilson’s adminis¬ 
tration as Secretary, opened its first mission to 
Papal South America. It was in 1858 that Dr. 
Wilson directed the attention of young Ashbel 
Green Simonton to the “Neglected Continent.” 
With this great field of Papal America still on 
their hearts and fresh from pleading its claims 
before the old Board, it is not strange that Dr. 
Wilson and Dr. Dabney pressed the needs of 


Brazil. 


193 


Brazil upon the newly-organized church. It 
may have been, too, that Simonton’s two 
years of teaching in Mississippi and his acquain¬ 
tance in Virginia and Baltimore had served to 
interest many in his field. No doubt, also, this 
interest was fostered by the removal, after the 
Civil War, of many Southern families to the 
land of the Southern Cross. A number of these Early 
families were from South Carolina, and this A “ ocialions 
fact may have led to the overture from the 
Synod of that State to the Assembly of 1866 
to open a mission in Brazil. It was not, how¬ 
ever, till the summer of 1868 that the Committee 
saw the way clear to send out the Rev. G. Nash 
Morton on a tour of inspection. In the follow¬ 
ing summer Mr. and Mrs. Morton and Rev. 

Edward Lane sailed from Baltimore, and in 
August, 1869, settled at Campinas as their first 
station/’* 

At the inception of the Brazil work the Ex¬ 
ecutive Committee had, with some hesitation, 
chosen Campinas rather than Pernambuco, 
resolving at the same time to occupy the latter Campinas 
city as soon as opportunity offered. This op- Pernambuco 
portunity came at the close of 1872, when the 
Rev. J. Rockwell Smith went out, followed the 
next spring by Mr. and Mrs. Boyle. The dis¬ 
tance between the two stations, Campinas and 
Pernambuco (1,500 miles), was so great that it 
was needful to regard the force as constituting 

* Rev. D. C. Rankin. 

13 



194 


In Four Continents. 


The Three 
Missions 


two missions, those of Southern and Northern 
Brazil. At a later period, before the removal 
from Campinas, the growing interior work, in 
the States of Minas and Goyaz, was reckoned 
as a third mission, that of Interior Brazil. 
Since the removal to Lavras this has been 
merged into the Southern Brazil Mission, which, 
for convenience of administration, has been 
divided into the East and West Brazil Missions. 
Our field, therefore, is divided into three sec¬ 
tions—the East. West, and North Brazil Mis¬ 
sions. 


SOUTH BRAZIL MISSION. 

From a sketch prepared by Miss Charlotte 
Kemper, sent to South Brazil in 1882, who, by 
her unwearied service as teacher, preparation 
and translation of literature and general work, 
has endeared herself to missionaries and native 
Christians on the field, and won the merited 
appreciation of the home churches, we gather 
information regarding the opening and progress 
of the work in the territory now included in the 
East and West Brazil Missions. 

In 1871 Mr. Lane made a flying visit to the 
homeland, and, returning to Brazil, took 
with him a valuable reinforcement in the person 
of Mrs. Lane. In 1872 Miss Henderson, whose 
work is known in all the churches, was sent out; 
and a little later Miss M. Yideau Kirk, of South 
Carolina, joined the Mission. These were the 


-Brazil. 


195 


pioneers, tlie advance guard, of the army that 
had for its motto: “Brazil for Christ.” And 
very important was the service they rendered 
in breaking down the barriers of prejudice, 
removing obstacles, and clearing the way for 
those who should follow. To some of these 
laborers was granted the privilege of coming 
again with rejoicing, bringing their sheaves 
with them. If the record of Mr. Lane’s evan- R ev . 
gelistic journeys in those early days had been hane 
preserved, it would form an interesting chapter 
in the history of our Mission in Southern Bra¬ 
zil. His labors in Campinas were abundant 
and were crowned with marked success. After 
a term of twenty-three years, with only one in¬ 
terval of rest, he was called up for higher ser¬ 
vice. He died of yellow fever in Campinas, on 
the 26th of March, 1892, the very day on which 
the younger soldier, Lapsley, in Darkest Africa, 
laid aside his armor. 

In 1875 Bev. John Boyle, who had been asso¬ 
ciated with the work of our Church in Northern 
Brazil, was transferred to the Campinas Mis¬ 
sion. Later he removed to Bagagem, in the 
State of Minas, where, for five years, he labored 
faithfully and successfully, making frequent 
journeys into the adjoining States, sowing the 
precious seed that is now yielding an abundant 
harvest. In October, 1892, this faithful servant 
of Christ entered into his rest—cut off, as it 
seemed to all, in the very prime of his useful- 


196 


In Four Continents. 


ness. Rev. G. W. Thompson was associated 
with Mr. Boyle in Bagagem, but scarcely had 
this young and valiant soldier of the cross 
buckled on his armor when he was called to lay 
it aside. He died in Campinas, of yellow fever, 
in 1889, having gone thither to minister to the 
sick and suffering. Thus he laid down his life 
for his friends. In the autumn of 1889 Rev. 
F. A. Cowan went out to fill the gap made by 
Mr. Thompson’s death. Rev. Sam R. Gammon 
went at the same time to reinforce the little 
band in Campinas and to take charge of the 
Missionaries educational work. Mr. Cowan’s term of service 
and Stations wag ^ r j e f ? i on g enough to endear him to the 
Brazilians whom he served and to his mission¬ 
ary brethren who wondered at the providence 
that removed from the work one who seemed so 
eminently qualified to carry it on. 

In 1895 Rev. Charles Morton and wife arrived 
to take charge of the Bagagem field. Mrs. 
Cowan had thought it advisable to remove from 
Bagagem to Araguary, and Mr. and Mrs. Mor¬ 
ton joined her there, where the three worked 
together until, Mrs. Morton’s health having 
failed, Mr. Morton was obliged to take her to 
the United States. She lived only a few days 
after reaching her home; and when Mr. Morton 
returned to Brazil, he was advised by the Mis¬ 
sion to remove to Casa Branca, in the State of 
Sao Paulo. Here, after a few years of valuable 
service, he fell a victim to yellow fever in 1903. 


Brazil. 


197 


Other reinforcements followed, and new sta¬ 
tions were opened. 

The International College at Campinas, 
founded in 1870, with the Girls’ School carried 
on under the direction of the Mission, enjoyed 
for many years an unusual degree of prosperity 
and played an important part in the evangel¬ 
ization of that field. In November, 1892, the 
Campinas Mission was transferred to Lavras, a 
town of about four thousand inhabitants, pic¬ 
turesquely situated in the mountainous part of 
the State of Minas. The elevation is 2,900 feet, 
and the climate is dry and healthy. Lavras is 
on a line of railroad that is destined to become 
one of the most important in Brazil. The work 
in Lavras has had an extraordinary develop¬ 
ment, and the results of fourteen years’ labor School 
would seem to justify the selection of this little Lavras 
town as an educational and evangelistic center. 

The “Evangelical Institute,” when established, 
was simply a boarding school for girls, with a 
day department which also received small boys. 

After twelve years of varied successes, a boys’ 
school was opened, and it was given the author¬ 
ity of preparing boys to enter the medical, law, 
and polytechnic schools of the government with¬ 
out examination, putting it on an equality with 
the National Gymnasium. During the same 
year an agricultural department was organized, 
and recently the state government of Minas has 
decided to give it $1,500 a year as tuition for 


198 


In Four Continents. 


Native 

Ministry 


ten students to be sent by the State. The work 
now has three departments—the Charlotte 
Kemper Seminary for girls, the Gymnasio, and 
the Agricultural College. There is also a com¬ 
mercial course in connection with the Gym¬ 
nasio. Needed additions to buildings of the 
girls’ school have been made. The institution 
has a fine campus and several excellent build¬ 
ings. The location, at one side of the city, is 
admirable. Rev. Sam R. Gammon, D.D., is at 
the head of the educational work at Lavras, 
and, with the able corps of teachers associated 
with him, is establishing a Christian College, 
which is now a great force in the evangelization 
of South Brazil, and is destined to a still wider 
sphere of influence. 

The Brazil Missions are not neglectful of the 
all-important feature of the missionary’s work 
—the preparation of a native ministry. The 
Theological Seminary at Campinas is as impor¬ 
tant a work as may be found in any mission. 
Rev. J. Rockwell Smith, who has been in the 
place of leadership in the Seminary since 1892, 
writes: “For the first time in the history of 
Presbyterian Missions in Brazil—fifty years— 
do we see a teaching force anything like suffi¬ 
cient in our Seminary. What we now need is 
fuller equipment. The students have shown 
diligence and fidelity, and have made good 
progress.” 

At the six regular and many outstations of 



Presbyterian Church at Para, North Brazil. 









































. 


































































. 
















































Brazil. 


199 


the East and West Brazil Missions, our twenty- 
nine (July, 1910) missionaries are preaching, 
teaching, visiting from house to house, itinerat¬ 
ing, etc., with evident blessing. But the work 
is yet “great and large.” Miss Kemper says: 
“Much has been done in this land of baptized 
paganism, but much remains to be done in 
giving the pure gospel to the victims of the 
‘great apostasy.’ The field is inviting, it is 
whitening to the harvest; the laborers are few. 
We are praying the Lord of the harvest that he 
will send forth laborers into his harvest. The 
Southern Presbyterian Church has no need to 
feel discouraged in view of the results of her 
work in Brazil. We are praying for more la¬ 
borers. Who will respond and make possible 
the answer to this prayer ?” 


NORTH BRAZIL MISSION. 

Fifteen hundred miles to the north of our 
field in South Brazil is that of the North Brazil 
Mission. The history of early discoveries, and 
the development of religious conditions, has 
much to do with this part of Brazil. In “The 
Neglected Continent” we are told that Henry Henry 
Martyn, on his way to India, touched at Bahia, g a a h r ^ n 
a city to the south of our specific territory. 

“The ardent young soldier of the cross landed 
and ascended to the battery that overlooks the 
beautiful Bay of All Saints. Amidst that 


200 


In Four Continents. 


charming scenery his heart was burdened, and 
he sought relief in prayer. There, riding at 
anchor, was the ship that was to carry him to 
his distant field of service; there, close beside 
him, lay outspread the city of Bahia, or San 
Salvador, teeming -with churches, swarming 
with priests, but with tokens of unbelief or 
blind superstition on every side. As he gazed 
upon the scene he repeated the hymn— 

‘O’er the gloomy hills of darkness 

Look, my soul, be still and gaze.’ 

Before resuming his voyage, he found opportu¬ 
nities to enter the monasteries, Vulgate in hand, 
and reason with the priests out of the Scrip¬ 
tures. Fascinated by the tropical glories of 
coast and interior, and keenly interested in the 
Portuguese dons, the Franciscan friars, and the 
negro slaves—‘What happy missionary/ he ex¬ 
claimed, ‘shall be sent to bear the name of 
Christ to these w T estern regions? When shall 
this beautiful country be delivered from idol¬ 
atry and spurious Christianity? Crosses there 
are in abundance, but when shall the doctrine 
of the Cross be held up?’ ” 

Of the religious conditions that confronted 
our early missionaries, Rev. W. C. Porter, of 
our Mission, writes: 

“As soon as Portugal planted colonies in her 
newly-discovered possessions, the Jesuits began 
their conquest of Brazil. The history of this 


Brazil. 


201 


country teems with the wonders of these daring 
men and especially with accounts of their prac¬ 
tically enslaving the native Indians found in 
the jungles of this Southern Continent. These 
Jesuits were far-seeing, scheming men, and were 
ever on the alert for anything that would benefit 
their order. Today the most ancient, impress¬ 
ive and solid structures to he found in the cities 
and towns, are the churches and convents built 
under the direction of these Jesuits, the Indians 
working as slaves. 

“The enslaving of persons, in part at least, and 
of the consciences of these poor Indians entirely, 
resulted in a religious system that has contin¬ 
ued ever since. As the Portuguese settlers 
poured into Brazil, they felt the need of laborers 
to improve their lands, and they began at once 
an active slave trade with the coast of Africa. 
As a result, Brazil’s population began almost 
from the very start, with a mixture of Portu¬ 
guese, Indian, and African blood. It is a truth 
that the Roman Catholic Church in Brazil 
never put any barrier or stigma on illegitimate 
birth, and as a consequence the Brazilian race 
is composed of a mixture of races. Each of 
these races brought its religion with it, and the 
Jesuits, anxious to increase their popularity 
with the people and to keep in the good graces 
of the Portuguese government, got up a form 
of religion acceptable to all, under the name of 
Roman Catholicism. The very primitive and 


Religious 

Conditions 


Race 

Mixture 


202 


In Four Continents. 


Illiteracy 


Idolatry 


simple form of heathenism of the Indian and 
the fetishism of the African were not driven out 
nor substituted by the Romish worship. On 
the contrary, the superstitions of both were 
added to what Eome already had, thus contrib¬ 
uting to the greater enslavement of conscience. 
The priests saw, too, that it was greatly to their 
advantage to keep the people in a state of 
ignorance. The illiteracy of Brazil is appall¬ 
ing. It is estimated officially that twelve mil¬ 
lions of the seventeen millions of inhabitants 
cannot read and write. In Brazil, the Romish 
priest has been supreme more than three hun¬ 
dred years. The Bible, up to within the last 
fifty years, was an unknown book, and today 
multitudes of people think it is a crime to be 
seen with a Bible or to attend a Protestant 
service. Public opinion, instead of being built 
upon the true teachings of the gospel, is satu¬ 
rated with the sophistry and falsehood of the 
confessional. There is no crime so heinous, no 
sin so black, for which pardon cannot be pur¬ 
chased in the confessional. During a visit of 
Dr. Houston to our North Brazil Mission, he 
went to a church in Pernambuco. As he left 
the place he said: ‘This is the same as in China. 
Change the names of these saints to the idols in 
the heathen temples of China, and you would 
not know the difference/ Such was the con¬ 
dition of the country that confronted the pion¬ 
eer missionaries when they landed on Brazilian 
soil.” 


Brazil. 


203 


A sketch of the North Brazil Mission, writ¬ 
ten by Mr. Porter, supplies the following data: 

The Presbyterian Church (U. S.) Mission in 
North Brazil was begun in Pernambuco 
(Recife) in 1873 by the arrival of Rev. J. Rock¬ 
well Smith, of Kentucky, in January of that 
year. Three months later, Rev. and Mrs. John 
Boyle arrived, but on account of ill health Mr. Beginning of 
Boyle was transferred to Campinas in March, Mlsslon 
1875, and Rev. Wm. LeConte was transferred 
from that place to Pernambuco. On account of 
ill health Dr. LeConte was compelled to with¬ 
draw from the work, and Mr. Smith was left 
alone for three and a half years. The next 
missionary to this field was Rev. Ballard 
Thompson, who, after two months’ service, was 
stricken with a fatal illness. Again Mr. Smith 
was alone in the city of over 180,000 people. In 
1881 Mr. Smith was married to Miss Carrie 
Porter, who had been connected with the South 
Brazil Mission. In 1880 Rev. D. L. Wardlaw 
and wife, of Virginia, were sent to this field, 
and, after language study, were assigned to 
Cearh, where they opened a work in 1882. 

Later they returned to the United States. 

During all these years Mr. Smith was being 
blessed in his work in Pernambuco, in spite of Pernambuco 
strong opposition and persecution. The priests 
tried every way to put him out of the city. A 
strong protest, signed by a long list of lawyers, 
doctors and public officials, was published in the 


204 


In Four Continents. 


Native 

Ministry 


Reinforce¬ 
ments and 
Extension 


city. Mr. Smith kept steadily on, laying the 
sure foundation of Presbyterianism, from which 
has sprung the Presbytery of Pernambuco. 
While carrying on the work of evangelization, 
Mr. Smith saw the need of a native ministry, 
and formed a class of young men for theological 
study. After years of trial and much discour¬ 
agement, he saw four of his pupils ordained to 
the gospel ministry. Two of these young men 
became pastors, one of the Maranhao church, 
the other of the Pernambuco church, the latter 
the oldest, largest and most influential church 
in the Presbytery. In 1883 Dr. G. W. Butler 
w r ent to the Pernambuco field, and in 1884 Mrs. 
Butler came to join her lot with the “good 
physician” in his work. In 1884 Rev. W. C. 
Porter became a member of the Pernambuco 
station. In the same year Rev. and Mrs. Jas. H. 
Gauss joined the Mission, but withdrew from 
the field after a period of two years, greatly to 
the regret of all their fellow missionaries. In 
1885 Dr. Butler removed to Maranhao to open 
a new station. In 1890 Rev. and Mrs. Wm. M. 
Thompson came to the field, locating at Maran¬ 
hao. Mrs. Porter came to the Perpambuco 
station in 1891. Rev. and Mrs. Geo. E. Hender- 
lite joined the North Brazil force in 1893, and 
the following year Miss Eliza M. Reed was 
transferred from the Lavras Mission to the 
Pernambuco field. In 1895 Rev. and Mrs. C. R. 
Womeldorf arrived at Maranhao, and in 1896 


Brazil. 


205 


Rev. and Mrs. R. P. Baird were assigned to the 
Ceard field. Accepting the call of the Synod 
of Brazil in 1888, Rev. J. Rockwell Smith re¬ 
moved to South Brazil in 1892 to take charge 
of Synod’s Theological Seminary. Various 
changes in the missionary force occurred in the 
succeeding years. In July, 1899, Miss E. M. 

Reed was located at Pernambuco and opened a 
school. The changes after 1893 were such as 
were required by the necessities of the work. 

Among them may be mentioned the location of 
Mr. Henderlite at Parahyba, and later at Garan- 
huns, and the removal of Dr. Butler from Per¬ 
nambuco to Canhotinho, in the interior of the 
State of Pernambuco, where, in addition to his 
service at the station, he conducted a wide evan¬ 
gelistic and medical work, extending into the 
adjoining state. This work was done in the 
face of violent opposition, often at the risk of 
his life. 

The work in the North Brazil field has been 
almost entirely directly evangelistic, along with 
the training of a native ministry. From the 
central stations of Pernambuco, Ceard, Maran- 
hao and Natal, the work has spread over a Evangelistic 
large region, embracing a territory equal in Work 
extent to nearly half the United States, and 
with a very limited number of missionaries. 

They have been forced to train native ministers 
under very great disadvantages. This has been 
a great strain on the workers, for the demands 


In Four Continents. 


Schools 


206 

on all the missionaries have been such that no 
one man could give his whole time to instruct¬ 
ing the candidates. 

The Presbytery of Pernambuco was formed in 
1887 by uniting the missionaries and natives, 
and was one of the four that in 1888 constituted 
the Presbyterian Synod of Brazil. 

Comparatively little has been done in the 
establishment of mission schools in the North 
Brazil Mission. An effort was made in 1892 to 
open a school in Pernambuco. Miss Keed, who 
had charge of the work, was compelled, on ac¬ 
count of lack of help and sufficient support, to 
discontinue the school. The school was again 
opened in 1904, and under the direction of Miss 
Keed, who trained and brought to her assistance 
four of the pupils in the school, the work has 
been successfully carried on up to the present 
time. The Natal school, which was opened by 
Miss Reed was continued, for a time, by Mrs. 
Porter. For a number of years Rev. Geo. E. 
Henderlite, in addition to his evangelistic work, 
has undertaken the instruction of young men 
for work as evangelists and native pastors with 
marked success. 

With many changes in the location and work 
of the members of the North Brazil Mission, and 
with comparatively few additions in the way of 
reinforcements, and in the face of obstacles and 
persecution amounting almost to martyrdom, 
our faithful band has not only held the field, but 


Brazil. 


207 


has extended the work until now we have sta¬ 
tions from Para in the north, to Pernambuco 
toward the south, and at Manaus, a thousand 
miles from the mouth of the Amazon. The cen¬ 
tral stations of the North Brazil Mission are as 
follows: Pernambuco (Recife), the capital of 
the State of Pernambuco, a city of great impor- The Stations 
tance. It was opened as a mission station in 
1873. Garanhuns, about one hundred and sev¬ 
enty-five miles southwest of Pernambuco, 
opened in 1895, has been an important center, 
both locally and in the surrounding field. Can- 
hot inho is a small town in the same region of 
country as Garanhuns. Its importance has 
been much increased by a railroad opened a few 
years ago. Fortaleza, the capital of the State 
of Cear&, a city of some 50,000 inhabitants, is 
situated on the coast. It is important as the 
main shipping point of the State. The esti¬ 
mated population of the State is 1,000,000. 

Para, the most northern of our Brazilian sta¬ 
tions, is the port of the Amazon rubber trade. 

It has a population of some 50,000 people, and 
is in many ways a modern city. Natal is the 
capital of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. 

It is located southeast of Fortaleza, and is 
reached by a little more than twenty-four hours’ 
voyage. It was opened as one of our mission 
stations in 1895. Caxias, in the State of 
Maranhao, was opened as a regular station in 
1896. 


208 


In Four Continents. 


Outlook and 
Needs 


At the above stations and also at other points 
the work is conducted either by one of our mis¬ 
sionaries or is in charge of native pastors. The 
Annual Report of the North Brazil Mission for 
1909 makes an encouraging exhibit of the 
growth of the work. The number of native 
workers is increasing and there is in all lines of 
church work encouraging development. At the 
college at Kecife it is reported that Miss Keed 
and Miss Douglas have been busy with the 
routine work of a successful school. The great 
need of this school is that the two faithful mis¬ 
sionaries who are maintaining the work should 
have assistance. 

Rev. Geo. E. Henderlite, in submitting the 
annual report for 1909, says: “In looking back 
over the year we give thanks with grateful 
hearts for the many blessings and encourage¬ 
ments. We are thankful because the Lord has 
given health and strength to all our workers. 
Not one has fallen out of the ranks, not one has 
been seriously ill. There have been no serious 
questions agitating the churches, but only a zeal 
in service. There has been very little open per¬ 
secution—we have had hardly enough for our 
own good. The present need is to sustain those 
who are acting as evangelists, build up our 
native training school, and through it supply 
the churches opened up by our missionaries 
with native pastors, and thus gradually deliver¬ 
ing the country over to the national church. ,> 




210 


In Four Continents. 


THE FUTURE OF CUBA. 

In the missionary work represented by Protestant 
missions is the best hope for the future of Cuba. 
There must be a deal of uplifting, of change, of im¬ 
provement. The moral standards must be raised, and 
new ideals must be introduced. The best promise for 
the future of the Cuban people lies in the fact that 
so many of them welcome the missionary efforts and 
comprehend at least in part w r hat these undertakings 
mean. The forces of Catholicism, of indifferentism, 
of spiritism, of frivolity and vice and greed have to 
be overcome, transformed, or exorcised. A remark¬ 
able beginning has been made. The children are the 
field of hope and quick promise. In our missions we 
have touched the life of the people at many points, 
and introduced a new manner of life that is at work 
like leaven. The value of these centers of new life 
is inestimable. Each year marks steady growth and 
more solid establishment of the work. Evangelization 
and education go hand in hand.— Rev. H. B. Grose. 
































< 



































































































- 





















































































































Presbyterian Church, Cardenas, Cuba. 






























. 


. 



























IX. 


CUBA. 

After seventy-one days in the little caravels 
that set sail from Spanish ports in 1492, the 
crew, hopeless to the point of mutiny, were 
cheered by the announcement from the lookout 
that, by the moonlight, he had spied land. 

When Christopher Columbus for the first time 
looked upon the coast of Cuba he exclaimed: 

“The most beautiful land that human eye ever 
beheld!” With the discovery of the Island, 

Spanish sovereignty began, and with this also 
began the bloodshed and oppression of the in¬ 
nocent and harmless natives of the Island. 

There were four centuries of this tyranny, Oppression 
reaching their highest climax of “wanton blood¬ 
shed, tyranny and inhumanity and nameless 
horrors” preceding the intervention of the 
United States in 1898. In view of the nearness 
of the Island of Cuba to our own shores, and 
especially in view of the political relationship 
our government sustains to the now Island 
Republic, American Christians have a direct 
responsibility for the moral and religious wel¬ 
fare of the people. Only one hundred miles 
separate Florida from the mainland of Cuba. 

211 


212 


In Four Continents. 


Upon the completion of the railway to Key 
West it is proposed to ferry the Pullman cars 
directly to Havana, with a water passage occu¬ 
pying only six or seven hours. 

Cuba is irregular in shape. Its total length 
is seven hundred and thirty miles, with a width 
varying from one hundred and sixty miles in 
Santiago province to twenty-two miles in 
Havana province. The map of Cuba laid upon 
the map of the United States would, reach from 
The Island New York to Chicago. The area of Cuba is 
44,1G4 miles—nearly that of Mississippi or Vir¬ 
ginia. The people are Spaniards, negroes, Chi¬ 
nese and foreign white population. There is a 
very large number of mixed blood. According 
to the latest census the population is 2,048,980. 

Rev. J. Milton Green, D.D., for many years a 
representative of the Presbyterian (U. S. A.) 
Mission in Cuba, gives the following account of 
the present general conditions: “Of the Cuban 
field as a whole, I should say that it ranks with 
all the other Spanish colonies so far as Romish 
prestige holds its sway among the higher 
classes of society and among the women gener¬ 
ally. But so far as the men are concerned, even 
in the most aristocratic society, the church is a 
social mold whose impress must be sought in 
marriage, baptism and funeral rites as a matter 
of good form and social propriety, rather than 
as a religious force and institution. Not one 
in a hundred men in Cuba attend the weekly 


Cuba. 


213 


functions of the church, while disesteem, not to 
say positive distrust, of the clergy is well-nigh Religious 
universal among them. A very small minority Conditions 
among the fathers of Cuba consent that their 
wives and daughters shall frequent the confes¬ 
sional, and day by day the number grows less. 

These men say what all intelligent observers of 
actual conditions say, that, judged by its fruits, 
Eomanism, as a moral and religious system, has 
utterly failed in its mission and has fostered 
ignorance and superstition among the people. 

But this must not be construed as indicating a 
favorable attitude toward the Protestant 
church. Disbelief and a cold indifference to 
all that is called religious coexist in their case 
with a nominal adherence to Eomanism. They 
pay a certain respect to it as one does to a 
souvenir of past generations which bears the 
family crest but is of no practical use. With 
many, adherence to Eomanism as a cult seems 
to be almost inseparable from patriotism, and 
our Protestant faith is often called and recoiled 
from as an American religion. But when we 
speak of the masses, and especially of the rural 
peasant class, it must be said that a very general 
spirit of inquiry exists among them for a re¬ 
ligion that will ‘make good/ and a distinguish¬ 
ing feature of our rural congregations is that 
the men outnumber the women.” 

The Cuban, when he becomes a Christian, is 
truly a changed man. As a traveler through 


214 


In Four Continents. 


tlie Island, I have everywhere noticed the dif¬ 
ference between those who are devout Chris- 
The Christian tians and those who are not. The Cuban is 
Cuban noted for his hospitality, but there is a differ¬ 
ence in the salutation of the Christian and the 
non-Christian, when, as is the custom, a visitor 
is welcomed to the house with the expression, 
“My house is yours, and I am your servant.” 
They are “servants for Jesus’ sake.” They take 
active part in the religious services, attend the 
prayer meetings, have good Sunday schools, 
will bear persecution, and are themselves nat¬ 
urally inclined to bear witness. They have a 
missionary zeal. A missionary has said, “It is 
rather the exception to find a convert who is 
not making his faith known wherever he goes 
and seeking some kind of definite Christian 
work.” 


OUR MISSION. 

“In March, 1890, the Executive Committee 
received a letter in Spanish from one Evaristo 
Collazo, of Havana, stating that he and many 
other Protestants in that city were Presbyte¬ 
rians and desired the sympathy and aid of our 
church. Accordingly, Mr. Graybill, of our 
Mexico Mission, by direction of the Executive 
Committee, made a visit to Cuba in June of that 
year. He found a most interesting and encour¬ 
aging state of things, both in the capital and in 
Santa Clara, a leading city two hundred miles 


Cuba. 


215 


eastward in the interior. As a result of this 
visit a church of thirty persons was organized The First 
in Havana, and as many more were eventually Work 
received and organized into a church in Santa 
Clara. In the succeeding years of 1891, 1892, 

1893, Rev. J. G. Hall, also of the Mexico Mission, 
made extended visits in the Cuba field, and was 
much impressed and encouraged by the outlook. 

The church soon grew to seventy members. 

But on account of dissensions in the field, the 
Executive Committee found it best to suspend 
this work in February, 1895, and before any 
further steps could be taken the war with Spain 
put an end to further effort, until April, 1899, 
when the mission was reopened by Mr. Hall, at 
Cardenas.”* 

The following facts regarding our work in Cardenas 
Cuba are, largely, from “Our Cuba Mission,” a 
sketch written by Rev. J. T. Hall: 

The selection of Cardenas as the principal 
station of the mission was a wise choice. It is 
a city of some 25,000 inhabitants, about sixty 
miles east of Havana, is the nearest Cuban 
port to the United States, and the center of a 
large sugar industry. It is well laid out, with 
streets wider than usual, is said to be the health¬ 
iest city in the Island, and is well governed. In 
his pioneer efforts, Mr. Hall was early joined by 
his wife, the Misses Houston and Bedinger, and 
Rev. R. L. Wharton, and was ably assisted by 


Rev. D. C. Rankin. 



216 


In Four Continents. 


Dr. W. H. Forsythe, then an army surgeon, now 
one of our medical missionaries in Korea. 

February 9,1900, the first fruits were realized 
when twenty members were received, and a 
church organized with two elders and two dea¬ 
cons. Four years later, the Lord called Mr. 
Hall up higher—he had fought a good fight, and 
was ready for the “Well done, good and faithful 
servant.” 

The Cardenas church now has a membership 
of nearly two hundred, a very live Sunday 
school and Westminster League, and a day 
school with an enrollment (1909) of one hun¬ 
dred and twenty boys and girls, under the 
efficient management of Mr. Elmer R. Sims and 
Miss M. Emelyn Craig, assisted by four native 
teachers, all Christians. The Mission is en¬ 
couraged by having two young men preparing 
for the ministry, several young ladies serving 
as nurses in the best hospitals in Havana, and 
others as teachers in Cardenas and elsewhere. 
There is at Cardenas a municipal orphan asy¬ 
lum, the director of which, Mr. Elmer Hubbard, 
is an elder of our church. The children attend 
the church, many of them being members. The 
work at Cardenas is prospering under the lead¬ 
ership of Rev. R. L. Wharton, pastor. Mrs. 
Wharton was added to the Mission in 1902. 
During 1909 the “John G. Hall Memorial 
Church” was erected and dedicated. It is 
located in the best part of the city, and is a 


Cuba. 


217 


noble monument to the memory of the founder 
of the Mission. A further advance has been 
made in the purchase of property near the 
church for the school. 

A considerable and prosperous work is done 
at outstations, at one of which, San Jose, there 
are fifty members, with a new and commodious 
chapel in which to worship. 

Caibarien, with a population of over 8,000, is Caibarien 
one of the main ports on the northern coast of 
Santa Clara province, and one of the most flour¬ 
ishing cities on the Island. Our work was 
begun in this place in 1891. In October, 1892, 
a church of eleven members was organized. 

There was the usual opposition on the part of 
the Catholics, and considerable persecution, but, 
as at other stations, these conditions seemed to 
rather increase interest in the preaching of the 
Word. Mr. Wharton was alone for many 
months in Caibarien and Eemedios. Later the 
two stations were greatly strengthened by the 
presence of Miss Janet Houston, who was trans¬ 
ferred to Cuba from the Mexico Mission in 1899, 
and Miss Edith McClung Houston, who joined 
the Mission in 1900. Their long experience in 
the Mexico Mission was very valuable to the 
work in Caibarien. The Caibarien church now 
has a membership of over fifty, and a good Sun¬ 
day school. A small day school is conducted 
by one of the native members of the church. 

All the services of the church are well attended. 


218 


In Four Continents. 


Remedios 


Placetas 


A special work of the church members is that 
of conducting Sunday schools in the “highways 
and hedges” of the town. 

Remedios, five miles from Caibarien, con¬ 
nected by railroad and pike, has a population of 
about 9,000. It is one of the oldest towns in 
Cuba. The church was organized in August, 
1902, with ten members. There was steady 
growth in attendance and interest. The Sun¬ 
day school is well sustained. Rev. J. T. Hall, 
who joined the mission in 1890, has charge of 
the Remedios work. In the Caibarien and 
Remedios field, within a radius of about thirty 
miles, there is a population of 60,000 people. 
The missionary force at these two stations is 
inadequate to respond to the calls that come 
for the gospel message. 

Placetas, one of our recently opened stations, 
is a beautiful little town of about 6,000 popula¬ 
tion two hours’ ride by railway from Caibarien 
and Remedios. It is situated in a very fertile 
section of Santa Clara province. It has the 
reputation of being the highest and coolest 
place in the Island. In the early part of 1909 
a church with some twenty members was organ¬ 
ized. The outlook of the work is most hopeful. 
Romanism is at a low ebb, as is usually the 
case in new towns in Cuba, and the field pre¬ 
sents fine opportunities for preaching the gospel 
and building up of a good church. 

Camajuani, situated on the railroad about 


Camajuani 


Cuba. 


219 


twenty-five miles south of Kemedios, is a mod¬ 
ern town in the tobacco zone. Easy access to 
a large part of the province in which Camajuani 
is situated is supplied by pike and railroad. 

For a number of years in the past temporary 
work has been done at this station. The sta¬ 
tion was reopened in January, 1909, with a 
missionary in charge. The outlook, both in the 
town and surrounding country, is very encour¬ 
aging. 

There are sixteen missionaries at the five cen¬ 
tral stations of the Cuba Mission. While a 
great work is being accomplished, a much larger Summary 
work could be done with an increase of force 
and the needed equipment. The message of 
these missionaries to the church is, “The call 
has gone forth for The evangelization of the 
world in this generation/ Our heart’s desire 
and prayer to God is, ‘Cuba for Christ in this 
generation.’ ” 


220 


In Four Continents. 


THE SUPREME BUSINESS OF THE CHURCH. 

The presentation of Christ to all mankind is the 
supreme business of the church. I do not speak now 
of the final purpose of the church. That will be seen 
when she is completed in multitude and perfected in 
character. Our view at present is limited to that 
generation of the universal church which by the will 
of our Lord is living now in this present world; and 
the question before us is, What is the purpose of our 
Lord in locating and maintaining this supernatural 
organization in the midst of mankind, and what is 
our plain duty as determined by his purpose? It is 
placed beyond question in his parting charge. After 
his own personal work on earth had been accom¬ 
plished, he furnished a pregnant foreword to the 
new era of redemption in the forty days between the 
resurrection and the ascension; and of that whole 
foreword the new and triumphant characteristic was 
the one great charge, “Go ye into all the world, and 
preach the gospel to every creature.” “Make disciples 
of all nations.” “Ye shall by my witnesses . . . 
unto the uttermost part of the earth.” Through all 
these centuries the charge comes down to the present 
generation telling of a task yet unaccomplished, of 
a purpose and a desire in the heart of our ascended 
Lord for whose fulfilling he is waiting at our hands, 
if perchance we are ready to do his will.— Rev. 
George Robson, Edinburgh. 


X. 


DISCONTINUED MISSIONS—CONCLU¬ 
SION. 

The Presbyterian Church, U. S., established 
missions in Italy in 1867; in Colombia, South 
America, in 1869; and in Greece, m 1874. For 
good reasons the missions in these countries 
have been discontinued, but the story of their 
work should become a part of the history of 
the foreign missions of our Church. The fol¬ 
lowing sketches of the above missions are taken 
from the pamphlet, “After Forty Years,” by 
Rev. D. C. Rankin: 

ITALIAN MISSION. 

For more than twenty-five years our church 
was deeply interested in a mission in Italy. 
The opening chapter of this work belongs to 
the romance of missions. During the strug¬ 
gles which culminated in the unification of 
Italy under Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel, 
Sr. Ronzone, an Italian patriot, was compelled 
to flee from his native land. In 1857 he landed 
in New York with his family. Three months 
later one of his daughters, Christina, then in 
her twenty-sixth year, accepted a situation in 
a college in South Carolina as teacher of 
French and Italian. Brought up in the Romish 
Church, Miss Ronzone knew nothing of the 
221 


A Romantic 
Beginning 


222 


In Four Continents. 


Relation to 
the Walden- 
sian Church 


word of God. But, through what at the time 
seemed a trivial circumstance, she was led to 
read the Bible. This was followed by distress¬ 
ing convictions of sin and a period of great 
darkness. It was at this time that she met 
Dr. J. Leighton Wilson, became a member of 
his household, there found the Saviour, and 
from the home of the venerable Secretary re¬ 
turned in August, 1867, as a missionary to her 
own people. 

Through correspondence with those great 
and noble men, Merle d’Aubigne, historian of 
the Reformation, and Dr. Revel, president of 
the Waldensian Table, arrangements were 
made for this modest mission; and Miss Ron- 
zone began her quiet work in Naples in the 
autumn of 1867. She was supported by our 
committee, while her labors were directed by 
the Waldensian Table, thus forming the con¬ 
necting link between the Southern Assem¬ 
bly and the martyr church of the Alpine 
valleys. In 1870 she removed to a small town 
near Genoa, and in 1872 to Milan. In 1892, 
when her health so failed that she could no 
longer preside over the mission school, the 
Italian mission was discontinued. Miss Ron- 
zone died July 6,1896. 

COLOMBIAN MISSION. 

In the first year of Rev. J. Leighton Wilson’s 
secretaryship the Presbyterian Board opened 


Discontinued Missions. 


223 


its first mission in South America. This new 
mission was in Buenos Ayres. Two years 
later, in 1856, a mission was opened in Bogota, The First 
in New Grenada, the first and only laborer Mission 
there for three years being the Rev. H. B. 

Pratt, of Cherokee Presbytery, Georgia. No 
doubt Dr. Wilson’s influence was potent in 
his appointment. When the Civil War began 
in 1861 Mr. Pratt was in this country revis¬ 
ing Valera’s Spanish translation of the Bible. 

Coming South, he served the church in Hills¬ 
boro, N. C., until the way was clear for his 
return to South America. Our Executive Com¬ 
mittee of Foreign Missions having determined 
to reopen Mr. Pratt’s former field, he sailed 
with his family, April 21, 1869, and a few 
weeks later resumed his labors in the United 
States of Colombia (formerly known as New 
Grenada), at Barranquilla, a city of 20,000 
inhabitants, at the mouth of the Magdalena 
River. He was joined by Mr. Adam H. Erwin, 
a layman from North Carolina, in January, 

1872, and by Rev. Jno. G. Hall and wife in Hall and 
December, 1874. At that time Mr. Pratt had Erwin 
transferred his station to Socorro, an interior 
city in the state of Santander, some two hun¬ 
dred miles southeast of Barranquilla. Mr. 

Erwin, whose work was in the schoolroom, 
remained at Barranquilla even after the close 
of the mission, and continued his modest, self- 
supporting, self-denying work till his death, 


224 


In Four Continents. 


Work and 
Discontin¬ 
uance 


The First 

Presbyterian 

Missionaries 


twenty-eight years afterwards. In 1877 the 
Colombian Mission was discontinued, partly 
because of the civil war raging there, but 
chiefly because of the financial stringency at 
home. Two successive fiscal years had closed 
in the home office with a sad decline in the 
receipts for foreign missions. Retrenchment 
seemed imperative. The political disturbance 
in South America had greatly crippled the 
work, and it was deemed best to close the mis¬ 
sion. Mr. and Mrs. Hall were transferred to 
the Mexico Mission and Dr. Pratt joined them 
at a later date, having meanwhile accomplished 
much valuable work for the American Bible 
Society in revising the translation of the 
Scripture in Spanish. 


GREEK MISSION. 

Connecting links in history are often of 
thrilling interest. This is eminently true of 
the history of our Greek Mission. Through 
Halleck’s Marco Bozzaris every schoolboy is 
familiar with the Greek Revolution of 1822. 
The success of that heroic struggle for inde¬ 
pendence drew to this classic land the sympa¬ 
thetic attention of Christendom and opened it 
to the gospel. Near the close of the war a 
woman’s organization in New York sent Rev. 
Jonas King with material aid to the im¬ 
poverished Greeks; being an ambassador of 


Discontinued Missions. 


225 


Christ he also ministered to them spiritually. 

In 1831 he entered the service of the A. B. 

F. M. as their pioneer in that field. Three 
years later, in 1834, he was joined by the Rev. 

Samuel B. Houston and wife, of Virginia, and ^J onaries 
in 1837 by the Rev. G. W. Leyburn and wife, 
also from Virginia. Mr. and Mrs. Houston 
sailed in the same ship with young John B. 

Adger and wife, of South Carolina, then about 
to begin their missionary career in Smyrna. 

The station of Messrs. Houston and Leyburn 
was at Areopolis, in the ancient Lacedemon of 
Leonidas, not far from the Sparta of classic 
story. The history of the early days of this 
mission is peculiarly interesting. In 1841 the 
jealousy of the Greek Church moved the gov¬ 
ernment to such restrictive measures as closed 
this promising work—not, however, till its 
prosperous “Lancasterian” school had trained 
one Spartan lad who was to be the connect¬ 
ing link between that early effort and our 
own later Southern mission, viz., M. D. Kalo- 
pothakes. It was he who, as a Presbyterian 
minister and a member of the Synod of Vir¬ 
ginia, laid upon our church a call to take up 
again the work laid down more than thirty 
years before by fathers of our communion. Mission 
Accordingly, in 1874, the Greek Mission was Re '°P ene<I 
opened with only a native force; but in 1875 
the Rev. and Mrs. G. W. Leyburn with their 
son, the Rev. George L. Leyburn and his wife, 


226 


In Four Continents. 


were sent out to reinforce the mission. The 
father soon died at Salonica, and Key. George 
L. Leyburn and family returned in 1877. Their 
place was filled the following year by one 
whose name is more familiar than any other 
in connection with the Greek Mission—the 
Discontinued. Kev. Thornton R. Sampson, who, with various 
associates, was with the mission till its close 
in 1892, at which time the work was trans¬ 
ferred to the Evangelical Greek Church. 


CONCLUDING SUMMARY. 


In four continents, through ten Missions, 
the Presbyterian Church, U. S., is attempting its 
share in “the evangelization of the world in 
this generation.” As to fields, there are none 
better; as to stations, they, in the main, are in 
most advantageous locations; as to mission¬ 
aries, they are a noble company of consecrated, 
self-sacrificing, able men and women—in pur¬ 
pose, plan and service “true ambassadors for 
Christ.” The supreme call to the Church is for 
adequacy in equipment followed by reinforce¬ 
ments sufficient 4n number to take possession of 
the waiting fields. “The outlook is brighter 
than the retrospect, the uplook brighter still. 
Conviction is intensifying, vision is clarifying. 
There is a militant spirit upon us, and the thrill 
of battle runs along the line. The same Spirit 
that throws wide the gates of heathendom calls 
and equips the Church to enter. ‘Awake! 
Awake! Put on thy strength, 0 Zion !’ ” 





PRONUNCIATIONS 


MID-CHINA. 

Changchow, a broad, o as in thou. 

Hangchow, a broad, o as in thou. 

Hashing, Ka-shing, a broad. 

Kiangyin, Ke-ang-yin, broad a. 

Nanking, a as in man. 

Soochow, Soo-chow. 

Tunghiang, Toong-hiang, a broad. 

NORTH KIANGSU. 

Chinkiang, Chin-keang; first i as in thin, broad a. 
Haichow, Hi-jo. 

Hsuchoufu, Soo-chow-foo. 

Hwaianfu, Wy-an-foo. 

Suchien, Soo-chen. 

Tsing-Kiang-Pu, Tsing combination of the t and s 
sound; Keang-poo. 

Yangtze, a broad, with last syllable pronounced with 
the sound of tz. 


JAPAN. 

Gifu, Ge-foo; g hard. 

Hondo, Hon-do; long o. 

Kiushu, Ke-oo-shu; accent second syllable. 

Kobe, Ko-be; o long, e as a; slight accent on first 
syllable. 

Kochi, Ko-che; o long. 

Mikado, Me-ka-do; a broad. 

Nagasaki, Na-ga-sa-ke;; a broad in each syllable. 

[ 229 ] 



230 


In Foub Continents. 


Nagoya, Na-go-ya; broad a, long o; slight accent on 
first syllable 

Okazaki, O-ka-za-ke; broad a. 

Osaka, O-sa-ka; o long, a broad. 

Shikoku, She-ko-koo; slight accent on second 
syllable. 

Shimabara, She-ma-ba-ra; broad a; no accent. 
Susaki, Soo-sa-ke; broad a; slight accent on second 
syllable. 

Takamatsu, Ta-ka-mat-soo. 

Tokushima, To-ku-she-ma. 

Tokyo, To-kee-o, o long. 

Toyoiiashi, To-yo-he-she. 

Yamamoto, Ya-ma-mo-to; a broad, long o. 
Yokohama, Yo-ko-ha-ma; broad a. 

KOREA. 


Chunju, Chun-ju. 
Kunsan, Koon-san. 
Kwangju, Kwang-ju. 
Mokpo, Mok-po; long o. 
Seoul, Sole. 


AFRICA. 


Ibanj, E-banj. 

Kassai, Kas-si. 

Luebo, Loo-a-bo; slight accent on second syllable. 
Matadi, Ma-ta-de; a broad. 

MEXICO. 

Coyoacan, Co-yo-a-can. 

Jimenez, Him-an-aze; a as in day. 

Linares, Lin-air-es. 


Pronunciation. 


231 


BRAZIL. 

Bahia, Ba-ee-a; broad a, i sound of e. 

Campinas, Cam-pee-nas. 

Caxias, Ca-she-as; accent on second syllable. 
Fortaleza, For-ta-la-za; long a. 

Gabanhuns, Ga-ran-yuns; accent on last syllable. 
Maranhao, Ma-ran-ao; a broad, o long. 

Parahyba, Pa-ra-ye-ba; accent on third syllable. 

CUBA. 


Caibarien, Ki-ba-re-ane. 

Camajuant, Ca-ma-hwa-ne; accent on last syllable. 
Cardenas, accent on first syllable. 

Placetas, e sound of a; accent on second syllable. 
Remedios, Ra-ma-dios; long o; accent on second 
syllable. 


INDEX TO FOUR CONTINENTS 


Adamson, D. G., 148. 

Adger, Jno. B., 225. 

Africa, map, 143; beginning of work, 145; journey of 
Laysley and Sheppard, 147; extension of work, 
153; printing presses, 155; witch doctors, 157; 
trial of Drs. Morrison and Sheppard, 159; call 
to Church, 160; the “Lapsley,” 160; the “New 
Lapsley,” 162; gratitude and appeal, 163. 

Allen, H. N., 123. 

Baird, R. P„ 205. 

Ballagh, J. H., 91, 96. 

Bedinger, Miss S. E., 215. 

Bell, Eugene, 126. 

Blackburn, Gideon, 16. 

Boyle, Jno., 193, 195, 203. 

Brazil, map, 188, 189, 197; political conditions, 189; 
first Presbyterian missionary, 191; Synod and 
General Assembly, 192; South Brazil Mission, 
192, 194; native ministry, 198; North Brazil 
Mission, 199; religious conditions, 201; evange¬ 
listic work, 205; stations of North Brazil Mis¬ 
sion, 207; needs, 208. 

Brown, C. G., 106. 

Buchanan, Walter McS., 105, 109. 

Buchanan, Wm. C., 109. 

Butler, G. W., 204, 205. 

Caibarien, Cuba, 217. 

Caldwell, C. N., 75. 

Camajuani, Cuba, 218. 

[232] 



Index. 


233 


Cardenas, Cuba, 215. 

Changchow, China, 45. 

Chinese Christian Intelligencer, 49. 

Chinkiang, China, 53. 

Chunju, Korea, 131. 

Clark, Francis E., 166. 

Colombian Mission, 222, 223, 224. 

Committee of Foreign Missions, 17. 

Converse, Mr. and Mrs., 26. 

Coppedge, L. J., 152. 

Cordell, Miss Emily, 128. 

Country work: 

Hangchow, China, 30. 

Hashing, China, 33. 

Kiangyin, China, 44. 

Suchien, China, 63. 

Cowan, F. A., 196. 

Crowley, J. S., 148. 

Cuba, 211; religious conditions, 213; our mission, 214. 
Cumming, C. K., 100, 102. 

Cummins, Miss Ella, 184. 

Dabney, Dr., 193. 

Davis, J. W., 39, 49. 

Davis, Miss Linnie, 124. 

Division of China Mission, 24. 

Dowd, Miss Annie H., 94. 

Douglas, Miss Margaret, 208. 

Downey, Edward, 170. 

DuBose, H. C. and Mrs., 27, 38, 39, 41. 

Dysart, Miss Annie E., 173. 


Early missionary spirit of the church, 13. 
Early missionaries, 14. 

Edmiston, A. L., 152. 


234 


In Foub Continents. 


Educational work: 

Chinkiang, China, 56. 

Chunju, Korea, 134. 

Hangchow, China, 28, 29. 

Hsuchoufu, China, 66, 67. 

Ibanj, Africa, 158. 

Hashing, China, 33. 

Kiangyin, China, 45. 

Kobe, Japan, 104. 

Kunsan, Korea, 137. 

Kwangju, Korea, 137. 

Laveas, Brazil, 197. 

Linares, Mexico, 183. 

Luebo, Africa, 153. 

Matainoras, Mexico, 185. 

Mokpo, Korea, 127. 

Nagoya, Japan, 98. 

Nanking, China, 46. 

Pernambuco, Brazil, 191, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 
207. 

Soochow, China, 40, 41. 

Suchien, China, 62. 

Tsing-Kiang-Pu, China, 59. 

Tunghiang, China, 36. 

Erickson, S. M., 109. 

Erwin, Adam H., 223. 

Evans, Miss Sala, 94, 111. 


E’amine in China, 77. 

Fearing, Miss Maria, 148. 
Forsythe, W. H., 215. 

Fulton, S. P., 101, 104, 105. 

Gale, Jas. S., 115, 121, 122. 
Gammon, S. R., 191, 196, 198. 


Index. 


285 


Gauss, Jas. H., 204. 

Gifu, Japan, 100. 

Gracey, J. T., 20. 

Graham, H. T., 109. 

Graybill, A. T., 170, 172, 176, 178, 179, 181, 184, 185, 
214. 

Graybill, Mrs. A. T„ 174. 

Graybill, Mrs. Hattie Longbridge, 183. 

Graybill, J. W., 179. 

Greek Mission, 224. 

Green, J. Milton, 212. 

Grier, M. B., 61, 64, 67. 

Grier, Mrs. M. B., 67. 

Grinnan, R. B., 93, 103. 

Gunn, Miss M. M., 183, 184. 

Haichow, China, 71. 

Hall, J. G., 177, 215, 216, 223. 

Hangchow, China, 22, 25. 

Hartzell, Bishop Jos. C., 144. 

Hassell, A. P., 109. 

Hawkins, H. P., 148. 

Helm, Ben, 23. 

Henderson, Miss Nannie, 194. 

Henderlite, Geo. E., 204, 205, 208. 

Hepburn, J. C., 85, 90. 

Hope, S. R., 102. 

Houston, Miss Janet H., 175, 179, 215, 217. 

Houston, Miss Edith McClung, 184, 215, 227. 

Houston, M. H., 23, 91. 

Houston, Sam R., 225. 

Hsuchoufu, China, 64. 

Hudson, G. H., 41. 

Hwaianfu, China, 68. 


Ibanj, Africa, 156. 


236 


In Foub Continents. 


Indian Mission, the, 16. 

Ingold, Mrs. Mattie (Mrs. L. B. Tate), 135. 

Inslee, B. B., 21, 23, 26, 90. 

Italian Mission, the, 221. 

Japan; first missionaries, 85; opened, 86; early 
Christians, 87; present statistics, 88; need of 
workers, 89. 

Junkin, D. P., 93. 

Junkin, W. F., 72. 

Junkin, W. M., 124. 

Katopothakes, M. D., 225. 

Hashing, China, 30. 

Kemper, Miss Charlotte, 194, 199. 

Kiangyin, China, 41. 

King, Jonas, 224. 

Kingsbury, Cyrus, 16. 

Kirk, Miss M. Videau, 194. 

Kobe, Japan, 102. 

Kobe Theological Seminary, 104. 

Kochi, Japan, 92. 

Korea, 115; population, 116; people, 117; govern¬ 
ment, 120; religions, 120; awakening, 121; 
opening, 123; first missions, 124; our field, 125; 
island work, 128; the four stations, 136; 
itinerating, 138; missionary women, 139; 
Bible conferences, 140; the Korean church, 
140. 

Kunsan, Korea, 135, 136. 

Kwangju, Korea, 129. 

Lane, Edward, 194. 

Lapsley, Sam N., 146, 147. 

Le Conte, Wm., 203. 

Lee, Miss E. V., 183. 



Index. 


237 


Leyburn, G. W., 225. 

Leyburn, Geo. L., 225. 

Linares, Mexico, 182. 

Little, Lacy L., 42. 

Logan, Chas. A., 107. 

Longbridge, Robt. M., 16. 

Luebo, Africa, 149, 151. 

Martin, Motte, 149, 152, 161. 

McAlpine, R. E., 91, 96, 100, 103. 

McCallie, H. D., 128. 

MacFadyen, A. A., 67. 

Mcllwaine, W. B., 94. 

Medical work: 

Chunju, Korea, 135. 

Haichow, China, 73. 

Hsuchoufu, China, 67. 

Hwaianfu, China, 70. 

Kashing, China, 34. 

Kiangyin, China, 44. 

Kunsan, Korea, 138. 

Kwangju, Korea, 131. 

Mokpo, Korea, 126. 

Soochow, China, Elizabeth Blake Hospital, 39. 
Tsing-Kiang-Pu, China, 60. 

Mexico, 167; population, 168; religious conditions, 
169; establishment of our mission, 170; methods 
of work, persecution, etc., 173, 178, 181; Presby¬ 
tery organized, 179; extension work, 181; 
Synod of Mexico, 184. 

Mid-China Mission, early history, 21; summary, 50; 

vastness and need, 89. 

Missionaries leaders in famine relief, 77. 

Moffett, Lacy I, 44. 

Mokpo, Korea, 125. 

Moore, J. W., 94, 110, 111. 


238 


In Foub Continents. 


Mora, Leandro Garza, 173, 175, 176, 178. 
Morgan, L. S., 73. 

Morgan, Mrs. L. S., 73. 

Morrison, W. M., 148, 155, 156, 159. 
Morton, G. Nash, 193. 

Morton, Chas., 196. 

Mott, Jno. R., 12. 

Munroe, H. H., 96. 

Myers, H. W., 105. 

Nagoya, Japan, 96. 

Neill, J. W., 170. 

North Kiangsu Mission, 53. 

Okasaki, Japan, 101. 

Organization of Presbyterian Church, 14. 

Painter, G. W., 23. 

Patterson, B. C., 69. 

Paxton, J. W., 41, 54, 56. 

Perry, R. B., 84. 

Perry, Commodore, 86. 

Phipps, Jas. E., 148. 

Pierson, A. T., 188. 

Placetas, Cuba, 218. 

Porter, W. C., 203, 204. 

Pratt, H. B., 223. 

Presbyterian Synod, China, 47. 

Price, P. F., 35, 50. 

Price, H. B., 93, 96, 106. 

Randolph, Mrs. Annie E., 27, 97. 

Reed, Miss Eliza M., 204, 205, 208. 
Remedios, Cuba, 218. 

Reynolds, W. D., 124. 

Rice, A. D., 72. 


Index. 


239 


Rochester, A. A., 152. 

Rougane, Christina, 221. 

Ross, H. L., 185. 

Ross, W. A., 185. 

Rowbotham, Arthur, 148. 

Sampson, Thornton R., 226. 

Shanghai, China, 49. 

Shelby, J. 0., 185. 

Sheppard, Wm. H., 146, 148, 156, 157, 159, 162. 
Seig, J. McC., 152. 

Simonton, A. G., 191. 

Siuchang, China, 35. 

Slaymaker, H. C., 149, 161. 

Smith, J. Rockwell, 193, 203, 205. 

Snyder, D. W., 148. 

Soochow, China, 28, 37. 

South America early missions, 191. 

Stevenson, J. Ross, 8 
Stirling, Miss C. E., 94. 

Stuart, J. L., Sr., 23, 30. 

Stuart, J. L., Jr., 49. 

Suchien, China, 60. 

Susaki, Japan, 110. 

Sydenstricken, A., 57, 61, 64. 

Taichow, China, 55, 75. 

Takamatsu, Japan, 108. 

Tate, L. B., 124. 

Tate, Miss Mattie, 124. 

Taylor, Miss Kate A., 152. 

Temple at Kotahira, Japan, 108. 

Thomas, Miss Lillian, 148. 

Thompson, G. M., 196. 

Thompson, Wm. M., 204. 

Tokushima, Japan, 106. 


240 


In Foub Continents. 


Toyohashi, Japan, 101. 

Tsing-Kiang-Pu, China, 57. 

Tunghiang, China, 35. 

Union Theological Seminary, Nanking, China, 46. 
United Church of Christ in Japan, 112. 

Vass, L. C., 161. 

Venable, W. H., 34. 

Verner, S. P., 148. 

Vinson, J. W., 73. 

Wardlaw, D. L., 203. 

Wharton, R. L., 215. 

White, H. W., 64, 66. 

Wilkinson, J. R., 39. 

Wilson, J. Leighton, 14, 90, 145, 192, 222. 
Woodbridge, S. I., 49, 54. 

Woods, H. M., 54, 69, 79, 80. 

Woods, Jas. B., 60. 

Worneldorf, C. R., 204. 

Worth, Geo. C., 44. 


Xavier, Francis, 85. 


Books Suggested for Missionary Libraries 


All books mentioned may be ordered at prices named 
from the Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 
Richmond, Va., Texarkana, Ark.-Texas. 

CHINA. 

The Uplift of China. Smith. Paper, 35 cents; 

cloth .$ .50 

Breaking Down Chinese Walls. Osgood. Cloth.. 1.00 

In the Far East. Taylor. Cloth . 1.25 

New Evolution in China. Brewster. Cloth... 1.25 
Rex Christus. Smith. Paper, 35 cents; cloth.. .50 

Pastor Hsi. C. G. Taylor. Cloth. 1.00 

Chinese Life in Town and Country. E. Baird. 

Cloth . 1.20 

Letters from China. Mrs. Conger. Cloth. 2.75 

Chinese Book of Martyrs. Miner. Cloth. 1.50 

New Forces in Old China. Brown. Cloth_1.50 

JAPAN. 

Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom. DeForest. 

Paper, 35 cents; cloth .50 

The Vanguard. Gale. Cloth . 1.50 

Japan. Hearne. Cloth .60 

History of Christianity in Japan. Cary, 2 Vols. 

Cloth . 5.00 

Dux Christux. Criffis. Paper, 35 cents; cloth... .50 

Japanese Child Life. Haines. Cloth . 1.50 

Young Japan. Scherer. Cloth . 1.50 

Christianity in Modern Japan. Clement. Cloth.. 1.00 

KOREA. 

The Call of Korea. Gale. Paper, 35 cents; 

cloth .50 

Everyday Life in Korea. Gifford. 1.25 

From Far Formosa. Mackey. 1.25 

Korean Sketches. Gale . 1.00 

[2411 



















242 


In Four Continents. 


Fifteen Years Among the Topknots. Underwood. 1.50 
With Tommy Tompkins in Korea. Underwood.. 1.25 

Koreans at Home. Taylor . 1.25 

Daybreak in Korea. Baird.60 

Korea for Christ. G. B. T. Davis.50 

AFRICA. 

Christus Liberator. Parsons. Paper, 35 cents; 

cloth .50 

Daybreak in the Dark Continent. Naylor. Paper, 

35 cents; cloth .50 

The Price of Africa. Taylor. Cloth.50 

On the Borders of Pigmy Land. Fisher. 1.25 

In the Valley of the Nile. Watson. 1.00 

Snap Shots from Sunny Africa. Springer.1.00 

Dawn in the Dark Continent. Stewart. 2.00 

Missionary Heroes in Africa. Lambert.75 

BRAZIL. 

The Evangelical Invasion of Brazil. Gammon.. .75 
South America; its Missionary Problems. Neely. 

Paper, 35 cents; cloth .50 

The Bible in Brazil. Tucker . 1.25 

South America and Panama. Butterworth. 1.00 

The Continent of Opportunity. Clark . 1.50 

CUBA. 

Advance in the Antilles. Grose. Paper, 35 

cents; cloth .50 

Indian and Spanish Neighbors. Johnston.50 

Our Little Cuban Cousin. Wade.60 

Opportunities in Cuba. Lewis. 1.00 

Cuba and Our New Possessions. Hall. 1.00 

MEXICO. 

Latin America. Brown. Cloth. 1.00 

Our Mexicans. Craig. Cloth.35 

New Era in Old Mexico. Winton. Cloth. 1.00 

Folks Next Door. Croffett. Cloth. 2.00 

American Girl in Mexico. McGary. Cloth_ 1.00 


























Books Suggested for Missionary Libraries. 243 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

The Decisive Hour of Christian Missions. J. R. 

Mott. Paper, 35 cents; cloth.50 

Down to the Sea. W. T. Greenfel. 1.00 

Western Women in Eastern Lands. Mont¬ 
gomery. Paper, 35 cents; cloth.50 

Servants of the King. R. E. Speer.50 

The Unfinished Task. Barton.50 

Missions Striking Home. McAfee.75 

God’s Missionary Plan for the World. Bashford. 

Cloth .75 

The Missionary and His Critics. Barton. 1.00 

Men and Missions. W. T. Ellis. 1.00 

Introduction to the Study of Missions. T. C. 

Johnson .60 

Greenfel of Labrador. Johnson.75 

Missionary Instruction in the S. S. Trull.50 

The Why and How of Missions. Brown .50 


















FEB 7 1911 




One copy del. to Cat. Div. 


1FEB 1 19U 

























